P
1
is false.
If all moral views are equal, then a tolerant outlook is no better than an intolerant one.
If social codes, rather than individuals, are the measure of morality, then deeply intolerant societies
are no worse than freer ones.
The Argument from Disagreement
1. If well-informed, open-minded, rational people persistently disagree about some claim, then
that claim cannot be objectively true.
2. Well-informed, open-minded, rational people persistently disagree about all moral claims.
3. Therefore, no moral claims can be objectively true.
2
Dogmatism: the character trait of being closed-
minded and unreasonably confident in one’s own opinions
