CN Health promotion and maintenance CL Synthesize 29 4 In a child younger than 3

CN: Health promotion and maintenance; CL: Synthesize29. 4. In a child younger than 3 years of age, the pinna is pulled back and down,because the auditory canals are almost straight in children. In an adult, the pinna ispulled up and backward because the auditory canals are directed inward, forward, anddown.CN: Pharmacological and parenteral therapies; CL: Evaluate30. 4. Time-out is the most appropriate discipline for toddlers. It helps to removethem from the situation and allows them to regain control. Structuring interactions with3-year-olds helps minimize unacceptable behavior. This approach involves setting clearand reasonable rules and calling attention to unacceptable behavior as soon as it occurs.Physical punishment, such as spanking, does cause a dramatic decrease in a behaviorbut has serious negative effects. However, slapping a child's hand is effective when thechild refuses to listen to verbal commands. Reasoning is more appropriate for olderchildren, such as preschoolers and those older, especially when moral issues areinvolved. Unfortunately, reasoning combined with scolding often takes the form ofshame or criticism and children take such remarks seriously, believing that they are“bad.”CN: Health promotion and maintenance; CL: Synthesize31. 2. Toddlers usually express pain through such behaviors as restlessness, facialgrimaces, irritability, and crying. It is not particularly helpful to ask toddlers about pain.In most instances, they would be unable to understand or describe the nature andlocation of their pain because of their lack of verbal and cognitive skills. However,preschool and older children have the verbal and cognitive skills to be able to respond

appropriately. Numeric pain scales are more appropriate for children who are of schoolage or older. Changes in vital signs do occur as a result of pain, but behavioral changesusually are noticed first.CN: Physiological adaptation; CL: Analyze32. 2. Toddlers around the age of 15 months need 2 to 3 cups (500 to 750 mL) ofmilk per day to supply necessary nutrients such as calcium. A daily intake of more than3 cups (750 mL) of milk may interfere with the ingestion of other necessary nutrients.CN: Health promotion and maintenance; CL: ApplyHealth Promotion of the Preschooler and Family33. 3. At age 4, the child should be learning to dress without supervision. A childwill feel more autonomous if allowed to try to take on tasks herself. Such attemptsshould be encouraged to increase self-esteem. Allowing choices encourages the child'scapacity to control her behavior. Continued dependency may cause the child to doubther own abilities. Telling the child that a combination of clothes is not appropriate maycause the child to doubt her abilities. Feelings of guilt can develop from not being ableto accomplish what the child feels the adult expects of her.