Elements the hard elements are strategy structure

” elements. The
hard elements are:
• Strategy.
• Structure.
• Systems.
Whereas the Soft elements are
• Shared values.
• Skills.
• Style and
• Staff.
An example of a misalignment might be if a production line requires 20 people to operate at
full capacity, but the graveyard shift only has 15 people available. In this case, there is a
misalignment between systems and staff.
Figure 6. McKinsey’s 7S Framework of Gap Analysis. The three red circles are hard elements and four blue circles are soft elements.

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Nadler-Tushman Congruence framework
This model breaks a company's performance into four areas: work, people, structure, and
culture. Note each area’s strengths and weaknesses, and then compare them to the other
areas. The goal is to find out if the work being done in each area supports the others. For
example, if a compliance group is performing their tasks at a high level and finds areas
where the company is not following certain laws and regulations, but the company’s
organisation does not have any way to implement these changes, the people and structure
are not congruent. The following Figure 7 shows the model clearly illustrating how the basic
concerns are addressed.
Figure 7. Nadler-Tushman Gap Analysis Framework. Inputs use a strategy to work in the remaining processes as illustrated.

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PESTEL framework
It is an acronym of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal
aspects of gap analysis. While it can be a standalone analysis, a company can also use it as a
gap analysis framework.
Figure 8. PESTEL Framework for Gap Analysis
Fishbone Framework
The fishbone diagram is a tool created by Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control expert.
The method is designed to identify problem causes and divide them into categories, similar
to the other frameworks above. It is also called as Cause and Effect method as it looks at the
problem (or potential problem) first and then goes back, pinpointing the areas from where
the problem actually originated or can originate (root-cause analysis is another term for this
gap analysis technique). Figure 9 below provides a brief illustration of the method used for
this technique.

Figure 9. Fishbone Analysis or Ishikawa Diagram also known as Cause and Effect Diagram
This is an illustration looking at the problem of insufficient project documentation. In real
world, it is something that happens quite frequently. It divides resources into four
categories of people, measurement, materials and procedures. The causes of insufficient
documentation from materials and procedure roots are given. Similar analysis is required
for people and measurement resources too. For example, in analysing the root cause in this
scenario, from people perspective, one can easily think of some causes like:
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