27 homeostatic compensations for changes in salt and

27. Homeostatic compensations for changes in salt and water balance follow the law
of mass balance. Fluid and solute added to the body must be removed, and fluid
and solute lost from the body must be replaced. However, perfect compensation is
not always possible
28. The body’s pH is closely regulated because pH affects intracellular proteins, such
as enzymes and membrane channels.
29. Acid intake from foods and acid production by the body’s metabolic processes are
the biggest challenge to body pH. The most significant source of acid is CO2
from respiration, which affects pH and combines with water to form carbonic acid
(H2CO3).
30. In acidosis, the kidneys secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-.
31. In alkalosis , the kidneys secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+.
32. Intercalated cells in the collecting duct are responsible for the fine regulation of
acid-base balance.
33. Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis.
34. Due to respiratory metabolic alkalosis the body retains less Co2. Alkalosis is also
due to prolong vomiting.
35. Emphysema patients will exhibit signs of respiratory acidosis.
36. Hyperventilation patients will exhibit respiratory alkalosis.
37. Mountain climber at high altitude may develop respiratory alkalosis.
38. Sympathetic activation: patients is about to go to surgery to remove a tumor in the
chest 2 hours before surgery may begin with “jitters” which cause elevated heart
rate, and BP, increase breathing, cold sweats, and urge urination.
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