During pregnancy blood volume increases about 1500 mL-
40 to 50%
Increase in blood volume occurs for 3 primary reasons:
1.
To meet the needs of hypertrophied vascular system of enlarged uterus
2.
To adequately hydrate maternal and fetal tissues
3.
To provide a fluid reserve for blood loss during childbirth
Calcium and Vitamin D
1000 mg/day in pregnant and pre-pregnant
1300 mg/day in pregnant adolescents
Cereals, egg yolks, liver, and seafood
Iron and Vitamin C
Iron:
Pre-pregnant 18 mg/day,
30 mg/day for pregnant
women starting at 12 weeks gestation
o
Ready to eat cereals, white beans, lentils, spinach, kidney beans, lima beans, soybeans,
shrimp, and prune juice, red meats, organ meats
o
Watch for constipation, black tarry stools, nausea and abdominal cramping when supplementing
iron
o
Increases RBC- need more iron to help with binding
Vitamin C: 80-85 mg
o
Red and green sweet peppers, oranges, kiwi fruit, grapefruit, strawberries, Brussels sprouts,
cantaloupe, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomato juice, cauliflower, pineapple and kale
Folic acid
Non-pregnant: 400 mcg/day
Pregnant:
800 mcg/day
o
Dark leafy greens, asparagus, Brussels sprouts, soybeans, liver, root vegetables, beans, and
orange juice
3
Weight Gain:
Underweight (<19.8):
28-40 lbs
.
Normal weight (<19.8-26):
25-35 lbs.
Overweight (<26-29):
15-20 lbs.
Obese (>29):
15+ lbs.
Preeclampsia:
decreased blood supply to the maternal organs and to the developing fetus and may
result in preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, maternal organ damage, thrombocytopenia,
intrauterine growth, and an altered acid-base balance in the fetus
Planning Daily Food Intake
Include a variety of nutrient-dense foods and fluids while limiting saturated and trans fats, cholesterol
excessive sugar, salt, and alcohol
Iron-rich foods or iron-fortified foods
Include vitamin C to enhance absorption of iron
Include folic acid through consumption of fortified foods or supplemental folic acid
Eating Disorders
Pica:
consumption of clay, dirt, cornstarch, and ice
o
Occurs commonly in developmentally disabled persons
o
Caused by nutritional deficiencies, cultural and familial factors, stress, low socioeconomic
status, and biochemical disorders
o
Deficient in iron, calcium zinc, thiamine, niacin, vitamin C, and vitamin D
Exercise and Travel
Focus on strengthening muscles without rigorous aerobic
activity that may cause complications
o
Increased body temperature affects baby because the fetus is unable to reduce body
temperature through perspiration or other means and instead must rely on the mother’s body for
temp regulation
On airplane:
engage in slow, deep breathing, make circling motions with her feet and practice
alternating contracting and relaxing different muscle groups
o
Drink plenty of water and take brief walks each hour to minimize risks of DVT
Fatigue
First trimester:
increase in production of progesterone
Second trimester:
increased energy and endurance
Third trimester:
enlarging fetus causes the maternal diaphragm to be upwardly displaced, decreasing
lung expansion
Meds, OTCs, and herbal remedies
