Leaf area see mangrove canopy structure see

leaf area index, 38, 245 (see mangrove canopy structure)
seagrass, 37, 177 (see seagrass mapping and seagrass
standing crop)
geometric correction (see correction techniques)
RMS (root mean square error), 101
geometric error
Earth’s rotation, 94
instrument error, 94
orientation, 94
panoramic distortion, 94
platform instability, 94
GPS (Global Positioning System), 60, 98
accuracy
GDOP (geometric dilution of precision), 61
PDOP (position dilution of precision), 61
airborne, 104
error, 61
GCP (Ground Control Points), 98, 104
UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates, 93, 95
habitat classification
cost-effectiveness, 279
contextual editing, 142
ecological assemblages, 133
geomorphological, 132
mangrove community, 134
reefs, 155
multivariate (or cluster analysis), 134
Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient, 135, 150
PATN, 135
PRIMER (Plymouth Routines In Multivariate
Ecological Research) software, 137
seagrass habitat classes, 138
SIMPER (similarity percentage analysis), 137
scheme, example, 137
hardware
CCT (computer compatible tapes), 90
CD (compact disk) , 59
CD-ROM, 59, 70
EXABYTE tapes, 59, 81, 90
image acquisition
aerial photography, 75 (see aerial photography)
airborne multispectral, 80 (see airborne multispectral
imagery)
cost-effectiveness, 279
satellite, 85 (see satellite imagery)
image classification
choosing a method, 152
cost-effectiveness, 279
multispectral
ANNs (artificial neural networks), 288
supervised, 141, 143, 145, 152, 154, 158, 189
unsupervised, 141, 143, 144, 154, 189
parallelipiped, 147
photo (visual) interpretation, 141, 142
radiative transfer model, 290
spectral mixture modelling, 288
image processing
contextual editing, 159, 160
effect on accuracy, 160
for mangrove habitat mapping, 184
pre-processing level, 89
SMA (Spectral Mixture Analysis), 162
IFOV (Instantaneous Field Of View), 43, 44
LAI (Leaf Area Index), 245
calculation, 247
definition, 245, 246
estimation from remotely sensed data, 251
CASI, 249, 250
Landsat TM, 249
SPOT XS, 248, 250
selection of an appropriate sensor for monitoring, 251
Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner)
accuracy of habitat maps, 160, 190
data
calibration, 112
interpretation, 87
discontinuation, 288
mapping
algal blooms, 212
bathymetry, 222
cartographic, 33
coral and macro-algae, 158, 159
environmental sensitivity, 34
industrial waste, 210
mangroves, 184
oil pollution, 205
seagrass standing crop, 239
suspended sediment concentration, 204
planning field surveys, 35
Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper)
accuracy of habitat maps, 160, 190–192
cost-effectiveness, 281
data
calibration, 112
interpretation, 87
supervised classification, 159, 160, 184
unsupervised classification case study, 145, 184
image resolution, 44
LAI estimation, 249
NDVI estimation, 247
productivity measurement, 35
radiative transfer code, 118
resource mapping, 33
algal blooms, 212
bathymetry, 222, 223, 226
coral reefs, 158, 160
Gelbstoff, 211
Index
313

mangroves, 183, 189, 194, 195, 247
phytoplankton primary production, 257
seagrass, 176
seagrass standing crop, 239, 240, 242
suspended sediment concentration, 204
thermal discharges, 213
mangrove canopy structure
AVI (Angular Vegetation Index), 250
canopy closure
canopy light extinction coefficient, 247
field techniques for measuring, 250
measurement of canopy transmittance, 247
percentage, 245, 250
diffuse radiation, 248
direct radiation, 248
GEMI (global environment monitoring index), 250
LAI, 245, 246
NDVI, 247, 249
sun zenith angle, 247
mangrove, 37, 185 (see mangrove mapping)
canopy closure,