and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors.49 They also receive better
performance ratings, are more likely to emerge as leaders and show less commitment to
their organisations.50 In addition, high self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in
their careers, receive more promotions (both internal and cross-organisational) and are
more likely to occupy central positions in an organisation.51
Type A
Aggressively involved in a chronic incessant struggle to achieving more and more in less and
less time. If require to do so, against the opposing effort of other things and people
Proactive Personality
Did you ever notice that some people actively take the initiative to improve their current
circumstances or create new ones? These are proactive personalities.52 Those with a
proactive personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until
meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. Not
surprisingly, proactive individuals have many desirable behaviours that organisations covet.
They also have higher levels of job performance and career success.53
Are there downsides to having a proactive personality? A recent study of 231 Flemish
unemployed individuals found that proactive personality was negatively related to
4.6 Compare generational differences in values and identify the dominant values in today’sworkforce
