浆细胞效应细胞分泌大量蛋白质这些蛋白

• 浆细胞（效应细胞）分泌大量蛋白质，这些蛋白质对呈递的抗原具有特异性。
• The antibody molecules are modeled after the receptors of the precursor B lymphatic cell.
• 以前体 B 淋巴细胞的受体为模型模拟抗体分子。
• These antibodies are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system to the site of the
target antigen, where they initiate its neutralization or destruction.
• 这些抗体被血浆和淋巴系统转运到靶抗原的位点，在那里它们开始中和或破坏。
• Takes 4 – 5 days for this response to occur

Humoral immunity
Outline

Humoral immunity
• Once the antigens have been eliminated, most plasma
(effectors) cells undergo apoptosis (self-destruct)
• 一旦消除了抗原，大多数浆细胞（效应细胞）就会发生凋亡（自毁）
• A few continue to exist, become memory cells
• 少数继续存在，成为存储单元
• Memory cells – contain the code to develop antibodies
• 记忆细胞 – 包含开发抗体的代码
• if that antigen show up again
• 如果那个抗原再次出现
• Can produce antibodies very quickly
• 可以很快产生抗体
• Will bind with an even higher affinity to the antigen
• 与抗原的结合力更高

Memory Cells
◦ Memory Cell

Humoral immunity and Vaccines
◦ Vaccine – exposes a patient to a weakened version of a virus (flu)
◦ 疫苗 – 使患者接触弱毒的病毒（流感）
◦ The patient develops antibodies through this adaptive process
◦ 患者通过这种适应性过程产生抗体
◦ if the person is then exposed to the flu in the community = fast response
◦ 如果此人随后遭受社区流感 = 快速反应
◦ (9.5 minutes)
◦ Great review – please focus on vaccines for this unit

Cell mediated Immunity
◦ T lymphocytes – mature in the thymus (a gland in the mediastinum)
◦ T 淋巴细胞 – 在胸腺（纵隔中的腺体）成熟
• Once they come into direct contact with an antigen, they begin to
proliferate and differentiate 一旦与抗原直接接触，它们就会开始增殖和分化
• (1) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞
• (2 ) Helper T lymphocytes 辅助性 T 淋巴细胞

Cytotoxic T
lymphocytes
◦ Direct destruction of antigen carrying cells (tumor and viruses
containing cells)
◦ 直接破坏携带抗原的细胞（肿瘤细胞和含病毒的细胞）
◦ Detect pathogens inside the cell where antibodies cannot
recognize them
◦ 检测细胞内无法识别抗体的病原体
◦ Recognize the changes on the cell surface
◦ 识别细胞表面的变化
◦ Destroy the cells that are infected with viruses (inside the cells)
◦ 销毁被病毒感染的细胞（细胞内部）
◦ Before the more virus is released
◦ 在释放更多病毒之前

Helper T lymphocytes
• Trigger humoral and cell-mediated responses – provide a regulatory function
• 触发体液和细胞介导的反应 - 提供调节功能
• Enhancing the reactions of other types of T lymphocytes
• 增强其他类型 T 淋巴细胞的反应
• (1) – activate macrophages (secondary responders) by secreting chemokines
which stimulate phagocytosis
• （ 1 ） – 通过分泌刺激吞噬作用的趋化因子来激活巨噬细胞（次级反应者）
• (2) help to activate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
• （ 2 ）帮助激活 B 淋巴细胞产生抗体

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
• Is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells
• 是主要由浆细胞产生的大的 Y 形蛋白质
• Used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and
viruses 免疫系统用来中和病原体，例如病原细菌和病毒
• Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens to remove them from the body
• 抗体识别并锁住抗原以将其从体内清除
• Neutralization: By attaching themselves to some invading microbes, other antibodies can
render such microorganisms immobile or prevent them from penetrating body cells
• 中和作用：通过将自身附着于某些入侵的微生物上，其他抗体可使这些微生物无法移动或阻止其穿透
人体细胞