4 all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction 5

 4. All cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction
 5. Controversies to which the United States is a party
 6. Controversies between two or more states
 7. Controversies between a state and citizens of another state.
 8. Controversies between citizens of different states
 9. Controversies between a state (or its citizens) and a foreign country (or
its citizens)
 10. All cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls.
o Civil Procedure:
 A case heard under civil procedure usually involves a dispute between two
or more people or a corporation.
 Most civil cases are centered around property and personal rights. EX:
Divorce cases, personal injury cases
 The state doesn’t take sides in civil cases.
 The private parties hire attorneys to represent them.
o Criminal Cases:
 A criminal procedure must be brought when an individual stands accused
of committing an act prohibited by law.
 Misdemeanors are minor offences punishable by a small fine or
imprisonment of less than a year. EX: Drunkenness, gambling (Minor
offences and the first level)
 Felonies are offenses serious enough to warrant heavy fines, long prison
terms, or even the death penalty. EX: Murder, grand theft auto

4. How are judges selected, and what do they do?
o 8. Giving clear and proper instructions to the jury
o 9. Maintaining a calm and dignified manner no matter what happens in the
courtroom.
5. What happens when a case goes to trial?
 Begins with an injury and files a complaint that will usually identify the plaintiffs and the
defendants. The defendant will file a response. After that is the discovery to collect
evidence.
 Trying A Civil Suit:
o Summoning witnesses:
 Each party has the right to ask the court to require the appearance of its
own witnesses at the trial, the judge can force reluctant witnesses to
appear by using legal orders that are called subpoenas , a witness who