Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931ThisAct gave sweeping powers to provincial governments tosuppress propaganda for Civil Disobedience Movement. Itwas further amplified in 1932 to include all activitiescalculated to undermine government authority.During the Second World WarUnder the Defence of India Rules, pre-censorship wasimposed and amendments made in Press Emergency Act andOfficial Secrets Act. At one time, publication of all newsrelated to Congress activity was declared illegal.ViewsThe government has converted the entire nation into a prisonand we are all prisoners. Going to prison only means that froma big cell one is confined to a smaller one.Bal Gangadhar Tilak
563Chapter 30Development ofEducationUnder Company RuleFor the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East IndiaCompany, a trading and profit-making concern, took nointerest in the promotion of education. Some minor exceptionswere efforts by individuals—●The Calcutta Madrasah was established by WarrenHastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and relatedsubjects.●The Sanskrit College was established by JonathanDuncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindulaw and philosophy.●Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in1800 for training of civil servants of the Company inlanguages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).The Calcutta Madrasah and the Sanskrit College weredesigned to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians tohelp the administration of law in the Company’s court, andthe knowledge of classical languages and vernaculars wasuseful in correspondence with Indian states.Enlightened Indians and missionaries started exertingpressure on the Government to promote modern, secular,Western education, as they thought that Western educationwas the remedy for social, economic and political ills of thecountry. Missionaries thought that modern education would
564✫A Brief History of Modern Indiadestroy the faith of Indians in their own religions and theywould take to Christianity. Serampore missionaries were, inparticular, very enthusiastic about spread of education.A Humble beginning byCharter Act of 1813The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle ofencouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge ofmodern sciences in the country. The Act directed theCompany to sanction one lakh rupees annually for thispurpose. However, even this petty amount was not madeavailable till 1823, mainly because of the controversy ragedon the question of the direction that this expenditure shouldtake.Meanwhile, efforts of enlightened Indians such as RajaRammohan Roy bore fruit and a grant was sanctioned forCalcutta College set up in 1817 by educated Bengalis,imparting English education in Western humanities andsciences. The government also set up three Sanskrit collegesat Calcutta, Delhi and Agra.
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