Consolidation is enhanced if you sleep after studying. Possible exception: longer sessions sometimes enable reaching understanding threshold when things click -Avoid “illusion of learning” being familiar does not mean comprehension or retention Chapter 8Everyday Memory “Construction” of episodic memory Pre-assumption: like photograph, video camera, would not change This is wrong, memory varies in accuracy and can change over time. Leading to the idea that (episodic memory) is constructed. We often mistake other influences into judgements about past as “memory” What influences these memory judgments?
View full document
-Sources of confusion and error Episodic memory include multimodal sensory information (Greenberg and Rubin) -visual experience plays a role in forming and retrieving autobiographical memory Cabeza et al 2004 -Compare brain activation caused by autobiographical memory and lab memory -Compare brain activity when viewing photos taken by themselves and photos others took -Both photo types activate similar brain structures ---> medial temporal lobe and parietal cortex (visual sensory processing) -Photos taken by oneself (more activated): prefrontal cortex(information about self), hippocampus (recollection) Events episodically remembered well: (the two are associated) -Significant events in one’s life -Highly emotional events The “reminiscence bump” Best memory period for period from adolescence to early adulthood (10-30) Three reasons: (All of these play a role in forming RB) 1.Self image: that is the period of assuming a person’s self image -Participants made statements regarding identity dated to RB (Ratbone et al.) 2.“Cognitive” hypothesis:encoding is better during period of rapid change -Found later shift in RB in those who emigrated to US after young adulthood (Scharauf and Robin) 3.Cultural life script hypothesis:culturally shared expectations structure recall -Personal events easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script -Average age of various important life events occur between RB (Berntsen and Robin) Emotion and memory -Recall better for emotional vs neutral -Recall a year later, emotional is still better Hypothesize that cortisol is released during emotion which enhances consolidation Cahill et.al -All exposed to emotional vs neutral pictures -Some are then stressed (with cold water) which triggers while some are not -There is an interaction between stressand stimulation -Emotional > Neutral only for stressed condition -There is no significant difference between emotional and neutral recall under no stress condition -Stress (cortisol) only helps with memory of emotional items -Why wouldn’t cortisol help with neutral stimulus ? “Flashbulb” memories: memory for circumstances surrounding shocking events -Typically include lots of detail including where you are and what you are doing -Is it accurate? Short answer: No! (problem with early research: no verification) Use repeated recall method (Neisser and Harsh)
-1st recall: baseline (within a day of the event) -2nd recall: 0.5- 3 years later
Want to read all 15 pages?
Previewing 11 of 15 pages Upload your study docs or become a member.
Want to read all 15 pages?
Previewing 11 of 15 pages Upload your study docs or become a member.
End of preview
Want to read all 15 pages? Upload your study docs or become a member.