Occurs through 2 competing orientations: sensing (S) and intuition (N)  Sensing involves perceiving info directly through the 5 senses (quantitative, organized details)  Focus on the here and now  Intuition relies more on insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables  Focus more on future possibilities - Judging , how people process info or make decisions based on what they have perceived – consists of 2 competing processes o Thinking (T) , relies on rational cause-effect logic and systematic data collection to make decisions o Feeling (F) , rely on their emotional responses to the options presented - People with a perceiving orientation are open, curious and flexible – prefer to adapt spontaneously to events as they unfold - People with a judging orientation prefer order/structure and want to resolve problems quickly Personality Testing in Organizations - The MBTI instrument is mostly used for team building and career development - The five-factor model is more commonly found in scholarly research, but it is increasingly used to assess job applicants Problems with Personality Testing (1) Poorer predictor than other personality tests (2) Assumes “more is better”, but high traits can be less ideal too (3) Self-report scales, subject to bias (4) Might convey unfavorable image

MHR 405 – Organizational Behaviour Textbook Readings Values in the Workplace - Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations o Perceptions about what is good or bad, a moral compass that directs our motivation o People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences, called a value system  Stable, long-lasting - Values and personality traits are related to each other, but differ in 3 ways: (1) Values are evaluative – they tell us what we ought to do – whereas personality traits describe what we naturally tend to do (2) Personality traits have minimal conflict with each other, whereas some values are opposed to other values (3) Although personality and values are both partly determined by heredity, values are influenced more by socialization whereas personality traits are more innate Types of values - The dominant model of personal values is the one developed and tested by social psychologist Shalom Schwartz and his colleagues - 10 broad values categories: universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation and self-direction - These 10 broad values categories are further clustered into four quadrants: (1) Openness to change  refers to the extent to which a person is motivated to pursue innovative ways (2) Conservation  the extent to which a person is motivated to preserve the status quo (3) Self enhancement  refers to how much a person is motivated by self-interest (4) Self transcendence  refers to motivation to promote the welfare of others and nature Values and Individual Behavior -