This leaves a wide depression at the top of the

- This leaves a wide depression at the top of the volcano called a caldera
10. a) - It is a theory that states that the crust is divided into blocks of land (plates) that
float and move towards, away or parallel
b) - Compressional boundary
- Extension boundary
- Transform fault boundary
c) - Geological evidence – Rock similarities in structure, age and type of rocks found in
various continents e.g. in Eastern coast of S. America and Western coast of Africa

- Jig- saw- fit – of continental coastlines. Some coastlines can fit each other when
pulled together e.g. Western coast of Africa can fit with Eastern coast of South
America
- Ancient glaciations – All the four Southern continents reveal signs of a period of large
scale glaciations at one time. It is evidenced by presence of glacial deposits – Tillites
produced by ice sheets in Southern continents
- Archeological evidence – Some plant and animal remains found in various continents
show a striking similarity
11. a i) - Atlas
- Cape ranges
- Akwapim
ii) - Atlas
- Cape ranges
- Akwapim
iii)- Symmetrical folds have limbs dipping uniformly about the axis while asymmetrical
fold one limb is steeper than the other about the axis
. b i)
b i) - Extensive shallow depression called geosynclinal develop
- Sediments from high areas are deposited in the geosyncline
- Compression on either side push towards geosyncline
- Sediments compress to form fold mountains which rise above sea level to form fold
mountains
b ii) - Over fold
- Recumbent folds
- Nappe or overthrust fold
- Anticlinical/ synclinal fold
- Isoclinal
12. a) - Causes seasons
- Varying lengths of day and night time
- Changes in the position of the mid-day sun at different times of the year
- Causes eclipses
b) - Movement of magma within the crust
- Gravitational force towards the center of the earth
- Convectional currents in the mantle
- Isostatic adjustment of sial and sima layer
SIAL
MANTLE
geosyncline seen
SIAL
Compression
SIMA
Sea
Fold mt.
Fold mt.
SIMA

13. a) - Frequent earthquakes
- Presence of faults
- Presence of fold mountains
b) - Tectonic movements
- Volcanicity
- Gravitative pressure
- Isostatic adjustment
- Energy release in the mantle
14. a) - Nature and age of the rocks
- Intensity of compression forces
. b) - May cause a river to disappear
- Changes the rivers direction of flow
- Forms depressions hat are filled with water forming lakes
- Faulting across a river forms waterfalls
15. a) - The jig-saw fit√
- Glaciatean/ancient glaciation√
- The coal deposits√
- Sea floor spreading√
b i) - Australia√
- South Africa√
ii) this was the water body that occupied the region surrounding the pangae
16. a) - High demand for hard wood has led to over exploitation
- They take long to mature hence can not match the exploitation rate
- Population pressure has led to cutting trees to give room for settlement and
agriculture
b) - Accidental fires which destroy the forests
- The Northern part is inaccessible (during winter) for exploitation of the forests
- Over exploitation in some areas
- Trees take long to mature due to cold climate
- Rugged landscape especially mountainous landscape makes exploitation difficult
17. (a) i)