Match the following terms with the correct

Match the following terms with the correct definitions .
a. expiratory reserve volume c. tidal volume
b. inspiratory reserve volume d. vital capacity
____ 78. the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath
____ 79. the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
____ 80. the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled
____ 81. the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled with a normal inhalation
Short Answer
82. Make a sketch to show how oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place in an insect such as a
grasshopper. Make sure you identify the structures involved.
83. Explain how a frog uses three different methods of gas exchange during its life cycle.
84. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is around 21%, but the limited solubility of oxygen in water limits
the amount of oxygen in aquatic environments to only a small fraction of that present in terrestrial
environments. Despite this fact, it is much easier for aquatic organisms to exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide with their environment. Explain how this is possible.
85. As part of a presentation, a group of students prepare a large diagram of the human respiratory system. They
plan to use a series of labels that they will attach to the diagram as they talk about each part of the system that
a molecule of oxygen must pass through before reaching the surface where gas exchange takes place. One of
the students makes the labels on individual pieces of Bristol board and places them on a table next to the
diagram for use the next day. After school, a gust of wind scatters the labels. When the custodian comes into
the room, he picks up the labels and puts them in alphabetical order like this:
alvelous, bronchiole, bronchus, epiglottis, glottis, nasal cavity, nostril, pharynx, respiratory exchange surface,
trachea.
Make a list to show the order in which the labels must be placed if they are to correctly describe the path of
the incoming oxygen molecule.
86. Your little brother, who is shy and doesn't want to ask anyone else, has written home from camp and told you
that he is worried about the fact that recently he has had difficulty in controlling the pitch of his voice. At
times it has been changing without warning from high to low. Write a short letter explaining to him what is
causing these changes.
87. Keeping in mind the fact that the rate of breathing is regulated by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
blood, how serious is the threat of a healthy child who says, "I'm gonna hold my breath until I turn blue and
die!"? Justify your answer.
88. The air pressure in the lungs is called the intrapulmonary pressure. Study the graph below, which shows
changes in the intrapulmonary pressure. Section A-B on the graph shows the air pressure when the lungs are
at rest, and section D-E shows the air pressure when the lungs are inflated after a complete breath Answer the
questions following the graph.

a) Describe the breathing movements that would result from the pressure changes shown in B-C and C-D.
b) What changes in volume occur during B-C and C-D?
c) What is the relationship between the volume of the thoracic cavity, the intrapulmonary pressure, and the
breathing movements?
89. A person thinks that it should be possible to hold one's nose and use a 30-m long garden hose to breath
through while examining the bottom of a lake. Explain to the person what will happen to and why it will
occur.
90. Examine the following table and use the data to answer the questions below.
Approximate Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (kPa)
Tissues Vein Artery Alveoli Atmosphere
oxygen 5 5 11 13 21
carbon
dioxide
6 6 5 5 0.03
a) In which location is the difference between the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide greatest?
b) What is the difference at that location?
c) In which location is the difference between the partial pressures the smallest?
d) What is the difference at that location?
91. Examine the following equations related to carbon dioxide transport and answer the questions below:
a) Name the enzyme that increases the rate of reaction (i) by about 250 times.
b) Where does reaction (i) occur?
c) How does this reaction promote the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?
d) Why does reaction (ii) occur?
e) What blood component combines with the hydrogen ions?

f) Where does reaction (iii) occur?
92. Carbon monoxide (CO) competes with oxygen for the active site on the hemoglobin molecule. Unfortunately,
CO gains faster access and binds irreversibly with the hemoglobin molecules, leaving fewer and fewer of
them available to transport O
2
. While less O
2
is carried to the tissues, the CO
2
level tends to stay the same.
a) What mechanism would detect that not enough oxygen is available for normal activity?
b) How does the body normally respond to try and solve the problem of too little oxygen?
c) Why do you think that in the case of carbon monoxide poisoning this mechanism fails?
93. Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) dissolves in the blood and forms an acid. If carbon dioxide accumulates, the CO
2
chemoreceptors are activated. Once activated, the medulla oblongata of the brain relays messages to the
muscles of the diaphragm and ribs to increase breathing movements. The acceleration of the breathing rate
decreases CO
2
levels in the blood. Once CO
2
levels fall, the chemoreceptors become inactive, and the
breathing rate returns to normal. Since the concentration of CO
2
in the blood is so much lower than the
concentration of O
2
, suggest a reason why it is an advantage for the breathing rate to be controlled by CO
2
concentration rather than to be controlled by O
2
concentration.
94. Why must you be careful not to inhale through the mouthpiece when you are using a respirometer?
95. The World Health Organization estimates that the current rate of death due to lung cancer (4 million/a) will
increase to 10 million/a by 2010. If all the people in North America who smoke were to stop today, give two
reasons why the death rate would still go up?
96. Give at least three reasons why it is so important for organ donor programs to publicize the success of their
activities.
97. The following reactions normally take place in the body:
Homeostatic mechanisms in the body normally involve the use of these nutrients to provide energy. In a
person who consumes large amounts of alcohol, these mechanisms are altered.
a) Where does alcohol enter the blood stream?
b) Why would the body use alcohol for an energy source instead of using the nutrients shown above?
c) What happens to the nutrients above when alcohol is used instead?
d) What disease occurs more often in alcoholics and what are its effects?
98. Cirrhosis of the liver occurs when the body uses alcohol for energy rather than using sugars, fatty acids, and
amino acids. Instead, these nutrients are converted to fats and are stored in the liver. What mistake is being
made by someone who says that they can avoid the damage done by cirrhosis if they do not eat while they are
drinking alcohol?
99. When smokers say they just need "a couple of puffs" to calm their nerves, does their statement have any basis
in fact? Explain your answer.
100. Write a short feature for a column in a teen magazine to explain how a person becomes addicted to a drug
such as nicotine or alcohol and how this is related to homeostasis.

101. Sometimes an addict will say, "I really need a quick fix." Explain how the term "fix" actually can be related to
the damage done by the drug to the homeostatic mechanism of the body.
102. If sleeping pills are a depressant and caffeine is a stimulant, explain how some people can become addicted to
both of these drugs at the same time.
103. (a) Make a sketch to show the shape and location of the diaphragm in the fetal pig.
(b) Sketch and label the following structures relative to the position of the diaphragm:
heart
lungs
thoracic wall
liver
spleen
abdominal wall
Essay