18 which of the following statements isare accurate

B
a. A necessary cause represents a condition that, by and large, must be present for the
effect to follow.
b. A sufficient cause represents a condition that, if it is present, will pretty much
guarantee the effect in question.
C
____ 18. Which of the following statements is(are) accurate
regarding necessary and sufficient causes?
D

c. In social science, evidence of either necessary or sufficient causes is often used as
the basis for concluding that a relationship is causal.
d. All of these choices are true.
e. None of these choices are true.
____ 19. For a nomothetic causal relationship to exist, there must
be evidence
a. of an empirical correlation between the variables
b. that one variable precedes the other in time
c. that a third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables
d. all of these choices must be evidenced
e. of an empirical correlation between the variables and that one variable precedes the
other in time
____ 20. Which of the following hypotheses best fits the criteria
of causality?
D
C
____ 21. Professor King examined all the reasons given by 100
couples for their marriages. In the final research report, King listed
all the reasons given by the 200 people for their marriages.
Professor King is
____ 22. If we can establish that variable X comes before variable

Q in time, then we can say