Line encoding line encoding transforms binary

Line Encoding

Line encoding transforms binary information (bits) into a digital signal
suitable for transmission through the channel

Examples: NRZ-I, Manchester, MLT-3, Bipolar-AMI-RZ
220

Block Encoding

Block encoding maps m-bit data blocks into n-bit code blocks (where n>m)
to ease clock recovery, remove DC bias, and control code messaging

Each n-bit block is then line coded

Examples:

4B/5B, 8B/10B, 64B/66B

Question:

How much overhead (in percent) does 4B/5B insert?
221

Categories of Standard Ethernet
Figure 13.8
10Base-T is still fairly commonly deployed
Page 222

Ethernet Cable Types

Straight-through Ethernet copper cable

Terminations at both ends are identical

Crossover Ethernet copper cable

Terminations locations of transmit and receiver wires on one end of cable are reversed

Applications

Auto-MDIX connections generally supported on modern Network interfaces

Auto-MDIX automatically detects the required cable connection type and configures the
connection appropriately, removing the need for crossover cables to interconnect
switches or connecting PCs
223

Ethernet Cable Types
networking examples
224

100Mbps Fast Ethernet Implementations
225
100Base-T is the most commonly deployed LAN PHY

100BaseTX Line and Block Encoding
226

MLT-3 line encoding

100Base-FX Line and Block Encoding
227

NRZ-I line encoding

Gigabit Ethernet
Implementations
228

1000Base-X Line and Block Encoding
229

1000Base-T Line and Block Encoding

4D-PAM: four dimensional pulse amplitude modulation
230

10GBase-S/L/E (10GE) Physical

Full-duplex only (no CSMA/CD!)

NRZ line coding method

64b/66b Block coding method

Generally optical (some limited electrical deployment)
231

40GE and 100GE
Physical layer standards
Physical Layer
Standard
Description
40GBASE-SR4 40 Gb/s PHY over four lanes of multimode fiber, with reach up to at
least 100 m
40GBASE-LR4 40 Gb/s PHY over four WDM lanes on single-mode fiber, with reach
up to at least 10 km
100GBASE-SR10 100 Gb/s PHY using 100GBASE-R encoding over ten lanes of
multimode fiber, with reach up to at least 100 m
100GBASE-LR4 100 Gb/s PHY using 100GBASE-R encoding over four WDM lanes
on single-mode fiber, with reach up to at least 10 km
100GBASE-ER4 100 Gb/s PHY using 100GBASE-R encoding over four WDM lanes
on single-mode fiber, with reach up to at least 40 km
232

TDC-460
Foundations of Network
Technologies
Class 4
233

Class 4 Topics

802.3 Ethernet MAC operation

MAC deployment evolution

CSMA/CD operation in a collision domain

CSMA/CD operation in a point to point switched network

Ethernet Flow Control

802.3x Pause Frame flow control

802.1Qbb Priority based Flow Control

Ethernet Auto-negotiation

Class 4 Topics

802.3 Ethernet MAC operation

MAC deployment evolution

CSMA/CD operation in a collision domain

CSMA/CD operation in a point to point switched network

Ethernet Flow Control

802.3x Pause Frame flow control

802.1Qbb Priority based Flow Control

Ethernet Auto-negotiation

Media Access Control Overview

Recall

If a link is a broadcast based link (aka multi-point link), then a
MAC sub-layer is required to manage access to that link