O erection is reversed when muscles in penis contract

o Produced in the testes in the Leydig cells.
 Gives males their secondary sexual characteristics and sex
drive.
 Regulates metabolism and protein anabolism (builds muscle
fuck yeah)
 Inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of gonadotropins (FSH,
and LH)
 Promotes potassium excretion
 Promotes Renal sodium REABSORPTION
 Unfortunately contributes to male pattern baldness and acne.
o the hypothalamus sends GnRH to pituitary which releases LH and
ACTH.
o LH produces testosterone for the prostate in the testes
o In the adrenals ACTH produces androgens for the prostate.
 All androgens are steroids that have been synthesized from cholesterol and acetyl
coenzyme A.
o After testosterone has been secreted by the testes it circulates in the
blood. 97% is loosely bound to albumin, but is tightly bound to sex
hormone binding globulins (SHBG).
o From the blood it gets distributed to tissues and eventually degraded
into inactive metabolites for excretion.
Phimosis

4
Pathophysiology Pharmacology Final Exam Outline
Description Manifestations/complications Treatments
Foreskin cannot be retracted from glans penis, becomes
problematic after 3 years of age.
Leads to
 Poor hygiene
 Infections
 Inflammation
Elderly men are at increased risk for
 Loss of skin integrity
 Less frequent erections
Complications
 urinary obstruction and pain
Paraphimosis is a medical emergency!
 Foreskin is retracted and cannot be retuned over the glans
penis.
o Penis becomes constricted and edematous
o Can become gangrene
 Circumcision
 Topical steroid cream
 Stretching of the foreskin
Hydrocele
Description Causes Manifestations/diagnosis Treatment
An accumulation of fluid between the
layers of the tunica vaginalis, or the
spermatic cord.
Affects one or both testes.
 In infants it is a congenital defect,
usually disappears without
treatment after a year. Infants with
hydrocele usually present with
inguinal hernia as well.
 In adults it is caused by
inflammation, infection, trauma and
tumors.
 Painless scrotal enlargement that
worsens over the course of the day,
also feel heavy
 DX would be to transilluminate the
scrotum, hydroceles will
transilluminate while tumors will
not.
 May not require treatment other
than correcting underlying cause.
 Strategies to encourage reabsorption
of fluid are to elevate the scrotum
(using a towel), sitz baths, heat and
cold application.
 Wear underwear that’s a size larger.
 Large amounts of fluid require
aspiration or surgical removal of
fluid called hydrocelectomy.
Spermatocele
Description Causes Manifestations/diagnosis treatment
A benign, sperm containing cyst that
develops between the testes and the
epididymis.