o
Venous blood: entering heart;
deoxygenated
except blood coming from
the lungs.
o
45% formed elements, 55% plasma
Formed elements = buffy coat (platelets & White blood cells =
leukocytes
) +
Red blood cells
=
erythrocytes
Blood Plasma = fluid part of blood (92% water, = 1% dissolved
solutes, 7- 8% plasma proteins)
Plasma Proteins
= albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Albumins (
55-60% of plasma proteins
):
Produced in
the liver and are the smallest in size.
Globulins (
35% of plasma proteins
):
Grouped into 3
subtypes
o
Alpha Globulin &
Beta Globulin
:
Produced by the liver and functions in
transporting lipids and fat-soluble
vitamins
o
Gamma Globulin =
Immunoglobulin:
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes
and functions in immunity.
Fibrinogen (
6% of plasma of total plasma proteins):
Important clotting factor produced by the liver
*
A cube millimeter of blood normally contains
5.1
to
5.8
million erythrocytes in
males and
4.3
to
5.2
million erythrocytes in females.
Hemoglobin:
Gives blood its
red color
The majority of dietary Iron is absorbed in the
Duodenum
Iron-deficiency Anemia
Results when there is insufficient Iron for the
production of normal amounts of Hemoglobin.
Most common form of
Anemia
o
Low red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration
Polycythemia:
High red blood cell count
Oxygen binds to the
Heme
of
Hemoglobin
in the lungs and is released from
it as blood travel through systemic capillaries.
Each Hemoglobin molecule consists of
4
proteins called
globins,
each of
which is bound to one
Heme.
PCB STUDY GUIDE 21
Leukocytes:
White blood cells
o
Contain nuclei and mitochondria
o
Can move in amoeboid fashion.
Diapedesis or extravasation:
Is the movement of leukocytes through
capillary walls
Basophils:
Release
Heparin
Is a mucoprotein used as anticoagulant
Neutrophils:
Are the most abundant type of leukocyte
o
50-
60%
of leukocytes in the blood
Lymphocytes:
Are usually the second most numerous type of leukocytes
o
Are small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm.
Monocytes:
Are the largest of the leukocytes
o
Generaly have a “horse shoe” shaped nuclei.
Eosinophils:
Release clot-dissolving enzymes and help fight parasitic
infections.
Leukopenia:
May be produced by radiation for cancer
o
Low white blood cell count.
Leukocytosis:
May be caused by cytokines released from an inflammation
during an infection.
o
Abnormally high white blood cell count.
Leukemia:
Cancer of the bone marrow
o
Causes a high number of abnormal and Immature white blood cells to
appear in the blood.
Platelets or thrombocytes:
Are fragments of large cells (
megakaryocytes),
o
which are found in the bone marrow.
o
Are destroyed by the spleen and liver after circulating for
5-9 days
Blood clotting:
When a blood vessel is injured, a number of physiological
mechanisms are activated that promote
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
= cessation (
STOP
page
) of bleeding after a
blood vessel is damaged.
