O venous blood entering heart deoxygenated except

o Venous blood: entering heart; deoxygenated except blood coming from
the lungs.
o 45% formed elements, 55% plasma
 Formed elements = buffy coat (platelets & White blood cells =
leukocytes ) + Red blood cells = erythrocytes
 Blood Plasma = fluid part of blood (92% water, = 1% dissolved
solutes, 7- 8% plasma proteins)
 Plasma Proteins = albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
 Albumins ( 55-60% of plasma proteins ): Produced in
the liver and are the smallest in size.
 Globulins ( 35% of plasma proteins ): Grouped into 3
subtypes
o Alpha Globulin & Beta Globulin :
Produced by the liver and functions in
transporting lipids and fat-soluble
vitamins
o Gamma Globulin = Immunoglobulin:
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes
and functions in immunity.
 Fibrinogen ( 6% of plasma of total plasma proteins):
Important clotting factor produced by the liver
 * A cube millimeter of blood normally contains 5.1 to 5.8 million erythrocytes in
males and 4.3 to 5.2 million erythrocytes in females.
 Hemoglobin: Gives blood its red color
 The majority of dietary Iron is absorbed in the Duodenum
 Iron-deficiency Anemia  Results when there is insufficient Iron for the
production of normal amounts of Hemoglobin.
Most common form of Anemia
o Low red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration
 Polycythemia: High red blood cell count
 Oxygen binds to the Heme of Hemoglobin in the lungs and is released from
it as blood travel through systemic capillaries.
 Each Hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 proteins called globins, each of
which is bound to one Heme.

PCB STUDY GUIDE 21
 Leukocytes: White blood cells
o Contain nuclei and mitochondria
o Can move in amoeboid fashion.
 Diapedesis or extravasation: Is the movement of leukocytes through
capillary walls
 Basophils: Release Heparin  Is a mucoprotein used as anticoagulant
 Neutrophils: Are the most abundant type of leukocyte
o 50- 60% of leukocytes in the blood
 Lymphocytes: Are usually the second most numerous type of leukocytes
o Are small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm.
 Monocytes: Are the largest of the leukocytes
o Generaly have a “horse shoe” shaped nuclei.
 Eosinophils: Release clot-dissolving enzymes and help fight parasitic
infections.
 Leukopenia: May be produced by radiation for cancer
o Low white blood cell count.
 Leukocytosis: May be caused by cytokines released from an inflammation
during an infection.
o Abnormally high white blood cell count.
 Leukemia: Cancer of the bone marrow
o Causes a high number of abnormal and Immature white blood cells to
appear in the blood.
 Platelets or thrombocytes: Are fragments of large cells ( megakaryocytes),
o which are found in the bone marrow.
o Are destroyed by the spleen and liver after circulating for 5-9 days
 Blood clotting: When a blood vessel is injured, a number of physiological
mechanisms are activated that promote Hemostasis
 Hemostasis = cessation ( STOP page ) of bleeding after a
blood vessel is damaged.