oVenous blood: entering heart; deoxygenatedexcept blood coming from the lungs.o45% formed elements, 55% plasmaFormed elements = buffy coat (platelets & White blood cells = leukocytes) + Red blood cells = erythrocytesBlood Plasma = fluid part of blood (92% water, = 1% dissolved solutes, 7- 8% plasma proteins)Plasma Proteins= albumin, globulins, fibrinogenAlbumins (55-60% of plasma proteins): Produced in the liver and are the smallest in size.Globulins (35% of plasma proteins): Grouped into 3 subtypesoAlpha Globulin & Beta Globulin: Produced by the liver and functions in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitaminsoGamma Globulin = Immunoglobulin: Antibodies produced by lymphocytes and functions in immunity.Fibrinogen (6% of plasma of total plasma proteins): Important clotting factor produced by the liver*A cube millimeter of blood normally contains5.1 to 5.8million erythrocytes inmales and 4.3 to 5.2 million erythrocytes in females.Hemoglobin: Gives blood its red colorThe majority of dietary Iron is absorbed in the DuodenumIron-deficiency AnemiaResults when there is insufficient Iron for the production of normal amounts of Hemoglobin.Most common form of AnemiaoLow red blood cells or hemoglobin concentrationPolycythemia: High red blood cell countOxygen binds to the Hemeof Hemoglobin in the lungs and is released from it as blood travel through systemic capillaries.Each Hemoglobin molecule consists of 4proteins called globins, each of which is bound to one Heme.
PCB STUDY GUIDE 21Leukocytes: White blood cellsoContain nuclei and mitochondriaoCan move in amoeboid fashion.Diapedesis or extravasation: Is the movement of leukocytes through capillary wallsBasophils: Release Heparin Is a mucoprotein used as anticoagulantNeutrophils: Are the most abundant type of leukocyteo50-60%of leukocytes in the bloodLymphocytes: Are usually the second most numerous type of leukocytesoAre small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm.Monocytes: Are the largest of the leukocytesoGeneraly have a “horse shoe” shaped nuclei.Eosinophils: Release clot-dissolving enzymes and help fight parasitic infections.Leukopenia: May be produced by radiation for canceroLow white blood cell count.Leukocytosis: May be caused by cytokines released from an inflammation during an infection.oAbnormally high white blood cell count.Leukemia: Cancer of the bone marrowoCauses a high number of abnormal and Immature white blood cells to appear in the blood.Platelets or thrombocytes: Are fragments of large cells (megakaryocytes), owhich are found in the bone marrow.oAre destroyed by the spleen and liver after circulating for 5-9 daysBlood clotting: When a blood vessel is injured, a number of physiological mechanisms are activated that promote HemostasisHemostasis= cessation (STOPpage) of bleeding after a blood vessel is damaged.