4. Physical weathering: joints in rocks
•
1 Duration of weathering
•
2. Bedrock type
•
3. Climate
•
4. Topography
5. Soil: the residue of weathering
•
The basic soil-forming processes result in losses (transformations) and
additions (translocations).
6. Mass wasting
•
Mass wasting
includes all processes by which masses of rock and soil move
downslope.
•
Mass movement
occurs when the force of gravity exceeds the strength of the
material and it moves downslope.
Three primary factors
o
Nature of slope materials (angle of repose)

Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting
07:20
Unconsolidated
materials
Sand and silt
Tock fragments, sand, silt, and clay
Consolidated
materials
Rock
Compacted (cohesive) sediments and soils
o
Amount of water
Water content
Lubrication
Liquefaction
o
Steepness and stability
Angle of slope
Accumulation of rubble
Breakage into large blocks
•
Triggers of mass movements
o
Earthquake vibrations
o
Rainfall and water infiltration
o
Overloading
7. Classification of mass movements
•
Three characteristics used
o
Nature of material
(rock or unconsolidated)

Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting
07:20
o
Velocity
(slow, moderate, or fast)
o
Nature of movement
(flow, slide, or fall)
•
Rock mass movements
o
Rock falls
o
Rock slides
o
Rock avalanches
•
Unconsolidated mass movements
o
Creep
o
Earthflow
o
Debris flow
o
Mudflow
o
Debris avalanche
o
Slump
o
Debris Slide
•
Understanding the origins of mass movements
o
Examples of landslide disasters
Spanish Fork, Utah (1983)
Gros Vertre Valley, Wyoming (1925)
Vaiont Dam, Italy (1963)

Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater
07:20
Basic considerations
•
Hydrology is the study of movements and characteristics of groundwater.
•
The hydrologic cycle has a profound effect upon climate prediction
•
Water is vital so we must understand where to find water and how water
supplies cycle through the Earth
1. Water and reservoirs
•
Water
o
The essence of life—necessary for the survival of all organisms
o
Used for many things, but commonly taken for granted
o
It is a critical resource
o
Unique substance—exists as gas liquid and solid on Earth’s surface
o
It participates in all geological processes
•
Salt Water 95.96%/Fresh Water 4.04%
•
Distribution of Fresh Water
o
Most fresh water is in glaciers (74%)
o
Most unfrozen water is groundwater (26%)
o
Not all groundwater is fresh
o
There is a limit to the amount of fresh water which we can use.
•
Reserves are limited
:
o
They are rapidly decreasing in quality and quantity
o
They are nonrenewable
o
Will there be sufficient quantities to sustain out future needs?

Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater
07:20
o
Is the quality adequate for the uses intended?
o
Is it being used efficiently with a minimum and waste?
•
Hydrologic Cycle
:
o
Description of pathways water moves through various reservoirs
o
Evaporates from land and sea surfaces and returns as precipitation as


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- Spring '07
- BAKSI
- Geology, Hydrology, Crust, Structure of the Earth