On february 6 1899 the the treaty of paris including

On February 6, 1899, the the Treaty of Paris (including Philippine annexa-
tion) came to a vote in Congress. The treaty was approved 57 to 27, just one
vote more than the two-thirds majority required by the Constitution for rati-
fication. The anti-imperialists fell just two votes short of defeating the treaty.
The people of the Philippines were outraged that their hopes for national
independence from Spain were now being denied by the United States. Fil-
ipino nationalist leader Emilio Aguinaldo had fought alongside U.S. troops
during the Spanish-American War. Now he led bands of guerrilla fighters in a
war against U.S. control. It took U.S. troops three years and cost thousands of
lives on both sides before the insurrection finally ended in 1902.
Other Results of the War
Imperialism remained a major issue in the United States even after ratification
of the Treaty of Paris. An Anti-Imperialist League, led by William Jennings
Bryan, rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific.
Insular Cases. One question concerned the constitutional rights of the
Philippine people: Did the Constitution follow the flag? In other words, did
the provisions of the U.S. Constitution apply to whatever territories fell under
BECOMING A WORLD POWER, 1865-1917
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U.S. control, including the Philippines and Puerto Rico? Bryan and other anti-
imperialists argued in the affirmative, while leading imperialists argued in
the negative. The issue was resolved in favor of the imperialists in a series of
Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) known as the insular (island) cases. The
Court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to ter-
ritorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such
rights belonged to Congress.
Cuba and the Platt Amendment (1901) Previously, the Teller Amend-
ment to the war resolution of 1898 had guaranteed U.S. respect for Cuba's
sovereignty as an independent nation. Nevertheless, U.S. troops remained in
Cuba from 1898 until 1901. In the latter year, Congress made withdrawal of
troops conditional upon Cuba's acceptance of terms included in an amend-
ment to an army appropriations bill-the Platt Amendment of 1901. Bitterly
resented by Cuban nationalists, the Platt Amendment required Cuba to agree
( 1) to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence,
(2) to permit the United States to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its
independence and maintain law and order, and (3) to allow the U.S. to maintain
naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.
A Cuban convention reluctantly accepted these terms, adding them to its
country's new constitution. In effect, the Platt Amendment made Cuba a U.S.
protectorate. As a result, Cuba's foreign policy would, for many years, be sub-
ject to U.S. oversight and control.