Classification and phylogenetic reconstruction

Classification and Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Taxonomists
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Konrad von Gesner
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John Ray
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Carl von Linné (Linnaeus)
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Systema Naturae
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Binomial nomenclature
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Definitions, diagnosis
What is the difference between Taxonomy and Systematics?
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Taxon (taxa)
Primate classification
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Class: Mammalia
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Order: Primates
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Suborder: Anthropoidea
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Infraorder: Catarrhini (old world primates); Platyrrhini (new world primates)

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Superfamily: Hominoidea (Lesser apes, great apes, and humans)
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Family: Hominidae (Great apes and humans)
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Subfamily: Homininae (humans and their closest fossil relatives)
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Genus: Home
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Species: sapiens
Phylogenetic Relationships
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Closeness of relatedness: how create hypothetical model of evolutionary relationships among
living species?
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Cladogram
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Monophyletic group/clade
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Sister taxa
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Hypothetical common ancestor
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Primitive vs. derived features
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Morphocline
Fossil and Living Primates
What features are shared by all living primates? (handout and class discussion
Plesiadapiformes
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Middle to Late Paleocene
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How are they similar to ‘primates of modern aspect’, how do they differ?
Prosimians
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Handout and lecture (coming Tuesday)
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What are derived characteristics unique to prosimians?
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Adapidae (Middle to Late Eocene)
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Lemuridae, Lorisidae, Galagidae, Daubentonia
Themes from Recitation:
Cell Division
-steps of mitosis
-what are they called?
-what happens in each stage?
-steps of meiosis
-what are they called?
-what happens in each stage?
-the source of variation: crossing over (prophase I)
-what are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
-stage differences
-product differences (sex vs body/autosomal cells, hapoid vs diploid, identical or not?,
cyclical or not?)
-gene linkage, sex linkage
DNA and Protein Synthesis

-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-in the nucleus
-3 parts: sugar, phosphate unit, nitrogenous base
-A+T, G+C (complementary base pairs)
-double helix
-genes, chromosomes
-functions: replication, protein synthesis
-replication: semi-conservative process, creates 2 identical daughter strands
-RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-different sugar from DNA
-U instead of T
-Proteins
-amino acids  polypeptide chains  proteins
-functions: structural & functional
-synthesis occurs in ribosomes
-nucleus: DNA  mRNA (transcription). mRNA  ribosome. tRNA brings in
complementary amino acids (translation). Amino acids  proteins.
Population Genetics
-describe populations statistically
-conditions for successful reproduction
-conditions for genetic equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
-calculating allele and genotype frequencies