o
fat is 2nd diserable when the body needs energy--leads to pH
changes-
ACIDOSIS
ALL CAN BE USED TO MAKE ENERGY, but best to use CARBOHYDRATES
-
protein better to repair to tissue
o
also, you’d have to chop off amino group (becomes urea- a waste
product), using protein is expensive
14
BIOLOGY 220 NOTES
-
don’t want to burn fat 24/7—intermediate end product is fatty acids—
like a FREE RADICAL (pollutant)—burn fats in controlled way
Want to use a simple sugar—
GLUCOSE
(galactose and fructose have to be
converted to be used)
-
C6H12O6
-
Glucose taken up and transported in body via the blood; enters cell
with the help of insulin (made in the Beta cells in pancreas)
GLYCOLYSIS:
-
FIRST STEP OF CARBOHYDRATE PATHWAY
-
Occurs in
CYTOPLASM
-
Anaerobic respiration
- oxygen is not required for the process, but is
actually present
-
Take a glucose molecule and after 10 steps that each require enzymes,
it splits into 2 new molecules—each called
PYRUVIC ACID
o
Each pyruvic acid has 3 carbons with associate hydrogens and
oxygens
o
Yields HEAT
(heat is always yielded-maintains body temp)
AND
2 ATP
Move into OUTER MATRIX OF MITO
o
Inefficent but necessary process
(so may steps and only
yield 2 ATP after using some up)---every time an enzyme is use
dit uses up energy
CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE:
-SECOND STEP IN CARBOHYDRATE PATHWAY---AEROBIC
FROM
THIS POINT ON
15
BIOLOGY 220 NOTES
-
occurs in
OUTER MATRIX MITO
***PROCESS—
-
one of 3 carbons chopped off pyruvate (has its own process)
- becomes
ACETYL
(2 carbon compound)
- Acetyl is carried into citric cycle by
CoEnzyme A
(present in outer
matrix all the time)--once aceytl is picked up and shifted into position it
becomes
Acetyl CoA
-Acetyl CoA
has
loose relationship in prescense of
oxaloacteic acid
(from “end” of previous cycle)
(4 carbon compound),
-acetyl and oxaloacetic acid combine to form
citric acid
(“beginning”
of cycle) (6 carbon compound)
-CoA goes away to pick up another aceytl , etc.
Everytime something happens, the name is change—eventually end up with
the oxalacetic acid
-in time between the two seperate Citric Acid Cylcles, you have
chopped off
2 Carbons and 16 hydrogens
(each have 8)
-PURPOSE OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE IS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN
ATOMS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:
16
BIOLOGY 220 NOTES
-
THIRD STEP OF CARBOHYDRATE
PATHWAY
-occurs in
INNER MATRIX OF MITO
-“lollipops” in diagram are molecules of the
ETC- stud the membrane
-in sequential order so that a H atom is
picked up by the first molecule and handed down the line
(example is “Bucket Brigade”-change as it is passed down the
line)
-atom becomes
IONIZED
as it passes down—creating a frenzy energy
that is trapped anf bond into
free ADP and inorganic phosphates
in the INNER MATRIX
to become the
ATP
-ulitmately make
ATP energy, water (universal solvent), and
Carbon Dioxide
More Mitochondria you have, the more ATP you will have
-get more energy when you start exercising or quit smoking
*For every H from Kreb Cycle, Make 2 ATP—
TOTAL OF 32 ATP in ETC
*2 ATP
from anerobic respiration (GLYCOLYSIS)
*
TOTAL OF 4 ATP
