hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the
Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He
has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure [term] of their offices, and the
amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent
hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among
us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected
to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with
others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our
laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering [lodging] large
bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for
any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our
Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving
us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for
pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province,
establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at
once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally
the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government
here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our
seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this
time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries [soldiers] to complete the works of
death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy
[dishonesty] scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a
civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear
Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall
themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has
endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose
known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
