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Replicase has 2 catalytic cores2 or more polymerases at replication fork DNA is packaged in nucleosomesprimers are removed by ribonucleasesTelomeresThe ends of linear chromosomes in eukaryotesAre composed of many repeats of a 6 bp sequence (TTAGGG) followed by a G-rich stretchThey form T-loop structures that together with proteins (shelterin complexes) protect the ends from degradation by exonucleasesDNA ends cannot be fully replicated because of the need for a primer, therefore results in ends growing shorter with each cell divisionTelomerase maintains these ends by adding the 6- bp sequence repeatedly in numerous cycles using an RNA template and its reverse transcriptase activity
Functions of RNAmRNA: messenger RNA (codes for proteins)tRNA: transfer RNA (adaptor between nRNA and amino acids)rRNA: ribosomal RNA (catalyze protein synthesis)hnRNA: heterogenous nuclear (intermediate form and pre mRNA process to make mRNA)snRNA: small nuclear (needed for mRNA maturation, part of the spliceosome)miRNA: micro RNA (controls gene expression)RNA polymeraseDoes not require a primerSynthesizes RNA from a DNA template in 5’ 3’ direction using rNTPsUses the template strand to specify which rNTP to addRna product is identical to the non-template strand (also called coding strand) but has U replacing TForms phosphodiester bondsTranscription in ProkaryotesA single RNA polymerase (alpha2betabeta’ core enzyme + sigma factor)Sigma factor responsible for promoter recognition Sigma factor binds -35 (TTGACA) and -10 (TATAAT) sequence on the non template strand positioning the polymerase relative to the +1 nucleotide (A) where transcription can beginRNA polymerase core enzyme elongates the RNA transcriptTermination can occur by a Rho- dependent or Rho-independent mechanismRho-independent termination uses the formation of an RNA hairpin structure resulting from the transcription of an inverted repeat sequence to slow the polymerase, which then causes the RNA transcript to disengage from the polymerasethrough disruption of the weakly bonded U:T repeat sequence in the transcription bubbleRho-dependent termination requires the binding of the rho protein to a specific sequence near the 3’ end of the RNA followed by its movement towards the polymerase causing it to disengageTranscription and translation are coupled in bacteria (since they are not physically separated as they are in eukaryotes)