Expression because the infant would have a basis for

expression because the infant would have a basis for comparison that the
naive coders lacked.
Figure 2. Infant behavioral responding in Study 2: mean infant positive affect (a), mean infant negative affect
(b), and mean number of infant reaches for the stimulus (c). Error bars represent 1 SEM .
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
495 INFANT DETECTION OF INAUTHENTIC EMOTION

Results
It is important to reemphasize that this investigation was de-
signed to examine whether infants within each age group differ-
entially responded between conditions, not whether differences
were present between ages within conditions. Thus, the analyses
for Study 2 included planned comparisons to test our a priori
hypotheses for each variable.
Infant reaches to the toy. Planned comparisons tested for
predicted differences in infant reaching between conditions within
each infant age group (see Figure 2a ). Contrary to our expecta-
tions, 16-month-old infants reached significantly more often in the
normative condition ( M 1.44, SD 1.31) than in the exagger-
ated condition ( M 0.73, SD 0.88), t (38) 1.99, p .05, d
0.63. Nineteen-month-old infants also demonstrated differential
reaching by condition, but showed the opposite effect, reaching
significantly more in the exaggerated condition ( M 1.32, SD
1.17) than in the normative condition ( M 0.42, SD 0.84),
t (41) 2.85, p .007, d 0.88.
Infant positive affect. Our a priori hypothesis that 19-month-
old infants, but not 16-month-old infants, would demonstrate in-
creased positive affect to exaggerated fearful displays was tested
using planned comparisons (see Figure 2b ). Sixteen-month-old
infants did not differ in their display of positive affect in the
exaggerated ( M 0.74, SD 0.88) and normative ( M 0.48,
SD 0.66) conditions, t (36) 1.01, p .32, d 0.33. A trend
was found indicating that 19-month-old infants demonstrated
greater positive affect in the exaggerated condition ( M 1.06,
SD 1.01) than in the normative condition ( M 0.56, SD
0.91), t (39) 1.66, p .11, d .50, but this effect was not
significant.
Infant negative affect. Again, planned comparisons tested
our a priori hypothesis that 19-month-old infants, but not 16-
month-old infants, would display increased negative affect in the
normative condition (see Figure 2c ). Sixteen-month-old infants did
not differ significantly in their display of negative affect in the
normative ( M 0.25, SD 0.46) and exaggerated ( M 0.59,
SD 0.90), t (36) 1.53, p .14, d 0.48, conditions. However,
19-month-old infants displayed significantly greater negative af-
fect in the normative condition ( M 0.84, SD 1.16) than in the
exaggerated condition ( M 0.09, SD 0.26), t (39) 2.76, p
.01, d 0.99.
Discussion
The present study found that both 19-month-old and 16-month-
old infants differentially responded to the degree of exaggeration
of emotional communication. However, we believe that only the
19-month-old infants detected inauthenticity in the exaggerated
emotional display.