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54
Total expenditure of Italian households
(2,4 components on average)
°
2360
€/month (2013)
Food expenditure
°
461
€/month
Large differences among regions:
North- West: 469 €/month vs. 2673
North- East: 442 €/month vs. 2725
Centre : 477 €/month vs. 2436
South : 469 €/month vs. 1878
Islands: 427 €/month vs. 1639
Regional consumption
Source: ISTAT data
60
65
70
75
% meat consumption
1994
2000
2005
2010
2012
Years
Apulia
Lombardy
Italy
% Meat consumption sometimes a week
17/05/2017
55
30
40
50
60
F&V consumption (%)
1994
2000
2005
2010
2012
Time
Apulia
Lombardy
Italy
% Fruit and vegatable consumption more than once a day
45
50
55
60
65
Fish consumption (%)
1994
2000
2005
2010
2012
Years
Apulia
Lombardy
Italy
% Fish consumption sometimes a week
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56
Quality attributes of food products
Food attributes
Food safety attributes
Food-borne pathogens
Heavy-metals and toxins
Pesticide or drug-residues
Food additives, preservatives
Spoilage and botulism
Irradiation
Nutrition attributes
Calories
Fat and Cholesterol content
Sodium and minerals
Carbohydrates & Fiber content
Proteins
Vitamins
Intrinsic quality attributes
Sensory/Organoleptic attributes
Taste and tenderness
Color
Appearence and blemishes
Freshness
Softness
Smell/Aroma
Value/function attributes
Size
Style
Preparation/Convenience
Package materials
Long shelf life
Process attributes
Animal welfare
Place of origin
Traceability
Biotechnology
Environmental impact
Worker safety
Fonte: Caswell, Noelke, Mojduszka
(2002)
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57
Test / Measurement indicators
Quality management Systems
Certification
Labelling
Minimum Quality Standards
Fonte: Caswell, Noelke,
Mojduszka (2002)
Cues
Price
Brand
Manufacturer name
Store name
Packaging
Advertising
Country of origin
Distribution outlet
Warrenty
Reputation
Past purchasing experiences
Other information
Extrinsic quality attributes
Food attributes
Product attributes
Asymmetric Information--> information research done by
consumers --> cost-benefit (Stigler, 1961)
Food product attribute classification
°
information search
and quality attributes
-
search
attributes--> can be obtained before purchase
-
experience
attributes
-->
can
be
obtained
only
after
purchase
-
credeance
attributes --> nor before nor after
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58
Time preferences
&
eating behaviors
Time Preferences:
•
Willingness to
trade a current utility for a delayed utility
°
People’s
willingness to accept a larger amount in the future versus a smaller
amount sooner
•
TP can be also seen as a
measure of impatience
.
Time preference
:
how one values the present vs the future
High time preferences
-
High future discounting
-
Less willing to delay
gratification
-
Present-oriented
-
Low future discounting
-
More willing to delay
gratification
-
Future-oriented
Low time preferences
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59
M. Grossman’s ‘
demand for health’
, (1972)
.
Health is an economic
good that everyone inherits at birth, and that depreciates with aging. The
depreciation of health capital stock can be offset by:
°
direct investments (e.g. medical care)
°
indirect investments
health behaviours
Health behaviours
imply a trade-off between a current satisfaction and
a future benefit. They represent
intertemporal choices
in which time
preferences have a primary role.
