Common scales used in quantitative research likert

Common Scales Used in Quantitative Research
Likert Scale. This is the most common scale used in quantitative research.
Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale provided.
Example: A Likert scale that measures the attitude of students towards distance
learning.
Items
Strongly
Agree
Agree Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
There would be difficulty in
communicating our concerns to our
teacher.
There would be many distractions
when learning at home than in
school.
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Semantic Differential. In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the
respondents. This scale seems to be more advantageous since it is more flexible and easy
to construct.

Validity
A research instrument is
considered valid if it measures
what it supposed to measure.
When measuring oral
communication proficiency
level of students, speech
performance using rubric or
rating scale is more valid than
students are given multiple
choice tests.
Validity also has several types:
face, content, construct,
concurrent, and predictive
validity.
Reliability refers to the
consistency of the
measures or results of
the instrument.
Example: On a description of an active student in school activities.
Pleasant 5 4 3 2 1 Unpleasant
Enthusiastic 5 4 3 2 1 Not Enthusiastic
Competent 5 4 3 2 1 Incompetent
Another important consideration in constructing a research instrument is how to
establish its validity and reliability.
Types of Validity of Instrument
Face Validity. It is also known as “logical
validity.” It calls for an initiative judgment of the
instruments as it “appear.” Just by looking at the
instrument, the researcher decides if it is valid.
Content Validity. An instrument that is judged
with content validity meets the objectives of the study. It
is done by checking the statements or questions if this
elicits the needed information. Experts in the field of
interest can also provide specific elements that should
be measured by the instrument.
Construct Validity. It refers to the validity of
instruments as it corresponds to the theoretical
construct of the study. It is concerning if a specific
measure relates to other measures.
Concurrent Validity. When the instrument can
predict results similar to those similar tests already
validated, it has concurrent validity.
Predictive Validity. When the instrument is
able to produce results similar to those similar tests that
will be employed in the future, it has predictive validity.
This is particularly useful for the aptitude test.
Reliability of Instrument
Test-retest Reliability. It is achieved by giving the
same test to the same group of respondents twice. The
consistency of the two scores will be checked.
Equivalent Forms Reliability. It is established by
administering two identical tests except for wordings to the
same group of respondents.