A tissue fluid is a fluid liquid found surrounding

a) Tissue fluid is a fluid / liquid found surrounding cells/ between cells formed as a result of
ultra filtration from blood while lymph is inter cellular fluid which nutrients and oxygen have
been taken and is rich in waste materials (mark as a whole)
b) Vitamin K is needed for formation of prothrombin which is activated to thrombin which
helps in clotting of blood.
18. Open circulatory system
19. Coronary Artery;
20. a) Oxyhaemoglobin;
b) Use oxygen released from photosynthesis process;
21. Leukemia (acc. blood cancer)
22. (a) Diabetes mellitus
(b) - Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
- Passing urine frequently;
- Constantly feeling thirsty;
- Dehydration;
- Loss of weight;
- Poor resistant to infection;
23. (a) A – Tracheid; B – Vessel;
(b) - Side walls are impregnated wit lignin/deposited with lignin /walls are lignified/pressure of
lignin nucleus not enclosed by a membrane ;
24. There is high concentration of water vapour around the leaf/less space for water vapour form the
leaf to occupy low saturation deficit /low diffusion gradient / the diffusion between the
concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere and the air spaces is greatly reduced.
25. a) Transports water and dissolved mineral salts; provides mechanical support due to
lignification of cells
b) Narrow lumen of vessels and tracheids – enhances capillarity forces;
Presence of pits on lignified walls follows for lateral movement of water;
They are hollow to allow uninterrupted/ continuous flow of water from roots to leaves;
26. a) Involuntary movement of food along the alimentary canal
b) Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles along the gut;
27. a) A – Hepatic portal vein; B- Hepatic artery;
b) Excess glucose must be converted to glycogen; for storage
c) Burning charcoal produces carbon (II) Oxide which combines with haemoglobin to
28. a) Oxyhaemoglobin
form carboxyhaemoglobin that is stable/ does not dissociate; reducing efficiency of
haemoglobin in carrying oxygen leading to death; Ref death alone
leaf fall;
exudation;
gutation;
transpiration

29. - Sebum – from sabaeceous glands – antiseptic ;
- Confined layer of dead cells- impenotratable by bacteria/ fungi/ viruses
- Sweat – saline and kills bacteria and viruses
30. Leukamia/ blood cancer;
31. a) inversion;
b) mustard gas/ gamma rays/ x-rays/ beta rays/colchicines;
32. (a)( i) Dicotyledonae;
(ii) Star shaped xylem/phloem between the arms o the xylem;
(b) Lignified walls to prevent it from collapsing/keep it hollow open throughout:
- Hollow/Lack cross walls for continuous flow of water and mineral salts any 1
- Narrow Lumen to enhance capillarity;
33. - Creates transpiration pull:
- Absorbs latent heat of vaporization hence cools leaves of the plant: (2marks)
34. Water absorption does not involve active transport that requires energy from respiration
facilitated enzymes ; hence no metabolic inhibition involved;
35. (a) A – Tracheids ; B – Xylem vessel;
(b) B is hollow at the middle therefore the substance flowing through it gets to their destination
faster as compared to that of A; 
(c) – Lignification ; 
36. - Antigen B;
- Rhesus antigen / Rhesus factor /rhesus protein;
37.