Of biological function o approach or withdraw from

Regularity/predictability of biological function
o Approach or withdraw from stimuli
o Adaptability to change in routine or to new things
 Easy :
o 40%
o Positive mood, regular routines, easily adapts to new experiences
 Difficult:
o 10%
o Reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routine, slow to accept new
experiences
 Slow-to-warm-up :
o 15%
o Inactive, slow to adapt to new experiences but do eventually warm up, low
intensity of mood
Mead & Cooley, looking glass self.
 Looking-glass self
 “self” based on how others respond to us
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 We are reflected in other’s responses
Sense of self: the rouge test.
 Rouge test: recognition of self
What is selective optimization with compensation?
 Environment < ------ > Persons
o Reciprocal influences between people and their situations… influenced by
perceptions of control
o Assessed by observations of people’s behaviors in particular situations and
questionnaires about feeling of control
Locus of control, optimism.
 Locus of control :
o Internal - within you
 Achieve more in school
 Act independently
 Delay gratification
 Cope with stresses
o External - outside forces or chance
 Optimism :
o The effect of “positivism”
o With a dash of realism
o Success requires:
 Enough optimism to provide hope
 Enough pessimism to prevent complacency
What is ‘Theory of Mind”?
 Understanding our minds and the minds of others
 The understanding that…
o People have metal states such as desires, beliefs and intentions
o These metal states guide their behavior
 Develops most dramatically during the birth to elementary school period of
development
 Autistic children appear unable to develop a theory of mind
Describe some steps in the development of Theory of Mind.
 Desire psychology:
o ~age 2
o Talk about what they want and explain own and other’s behavior in terms
of wants
 The crackers vs broccoli experiment
o Refer to metal states in their speech
 I ‘wanted’ to do this
 I ‘thought’ it was a taxi
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 Belief-desire psychology:
o ~age 3-4
o People behave as they do because they desire certain things and believe
their actions will get them what they want
 Understand that not all beliefs are accurate reflections of reality
 Is there a difference between belief and reality
What is the ‘false belief task’?
 Important indicator of the development of belief-desire psychology
o Shows child understands that people can hold incorrect beliefs and that
these beliefs, even though incorrect, can influence their behavior
o About 85% of 4 year olds passed false belief task
Know evidences of personality STABILITY –
Define trait
 An identifiable pattern of behavior that is characteristic for that person
 A set of conscious motives proclaimed by that person
 “temperament” is infancy/childhood correspond well to these traits as adults
 Assessed by: personality inventories, peer ratings, factor analysis
Know ‘the Big 5’ – OCEAN
 O penness
o Imaginative vs practical
o Preference from variety vs preference for routine
o Independent vs conforming
o From curiosity and interest to a preference from sameness
 C