These crimes include property crimes theft forgery

These crimes include property crimes (theft,
forgery, and vandalism), personal crimes (rape,
robbery, assault, and murder), and performance
crimes (e. g., fighting and disturbing the peace).
 Foreign friendly civilian crimes are committed
against citizens of another country. The same
types of crimes found under extra-occupational
crimes but committed against foreigners, are
examples.
 Enemy civilian social system crimes are crimes
against residents of countries in which the U. S.
military is fighting. Examples of such crimes
include property crimes (e. g., looting and
pillaging), personal crimes (e. g., committing
atrocities and massacres), and performance
crimes (e. g., colluding with citizens to harm the
U. S. military).
 Inter-occupational crimes are crimes committed
against the enemy military system. These
include property crimes (e. g., misappropriation
of captured supplies), personal crimes (e. g.,
torture and mistreatment of prisoners of war),
and performance crimes (e. g., helping the
enemy).
o State-corporate crime - Governmental
agencies are employers (or “corporations”) and
these agencies and their employees sometimes
commit various types of misconduct. Crime is
committed on behalf of the government.
According to Ross and Rothe ( 2008), those who
expose state crime offenders run the risk of
experiencing the following responses from the
state:
 Censure : Officials may withdraw support or
withhold information.
 Scapegoating : Officials may blame lower-level
employees for the misconduct.
 Retaliation : Officials may target the advocates
exposing the wrongdoing.
 Defiance or resistance : Officials may block
any efforts toward change.
 Plausible deniability : Officials may conceal
actions to make behavior seem appropriate.

 Relying on self-righteousness : Officials
minimize allegations.
 Redirection / misdirection : Officials feign
interest but change the subject.
 Fear mongering : Officials create fear to
“overshadow” real issues.
Crimes by Officials in the Religious
System
Churches and religious institutions are not
exempt from misconduct. One example is the
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal. Crimes
within the religious system usually fall into one
of the following categories:
 Financial
 Religious system deception
 Catholic Church Sexual Abuse Scandal
Chapter Five Summary
 Varieties of police misconduct include
corruption of authority, kickbacks, opportunistic
theft, shake-downs, protection of illegal
activities, fixing cases, direct criminal activities,
internal payoffs ( Barker & Roebucks, 1973),
and sexual misconduct.
 McCarthy (1981) identified four varieties of
corruption in corrections: embezzlement
(stealing from the institution), drug smuggling
into the institution, coercion, and transporting
contraband into the prison system.