It means that while in general every discreditable

It means that while in general, every discreditable imputation
publicly made is deemed false, because every man is presumed innocent
until his guilt is judicially proved, and every false imputation is deemed
malicious, nevertheless, when the discreditable imputation is directed
against a public person in his public capacity, it is not necessarily
actionable unless it be false allegations of fact or comment based on a
false supposition . If the comment is an expression of opinion, based on
facts, then it is immaterial that the opinion happens to be mistaken as long
as it might reasonably be inferred from the facts.
(Borjal v. CA, 501 SCRA 1)
 Enrolled Bill Doctrine*
The enrolled bill is conclusive upon the courts not only as regards
the provisions thereof but also its due enactment in observance of the
principle of separation of powers.
*
ENROLLED BILL, defined: one which has been duly introduced, finally
passed by both houses of Congress, signed by the proper offices of
each, approved by the President and filed by the Secretary of the State.
 Regalian Doctrine
In public law, a distinction is made between imperium and
dominium . Imperium is the government authority possessed by the State
expressed in the concept of sovereignty. Dominium is the capacity of the
State to own or acquire property. Dominium , which was the foundation for
the early Spanish decrees embracing the feudal theory of jura regalia that
all lands were held from the Crown, is also the foundation of the first
sentence of section 2. As adopted in a republican system, however, the
medieval concept of jura regalia has been stripped of regalian overtones;
ownership is vested in the State , not in the head of State—be he
President or Prime Minister.
(Bernas Reviewer citing Lee Hong Kok v. David, 48
SCRA 372,377)
Art. XII, sec. 2 of the Constitution states: “All lands of the public
domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all
forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and
fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State. With the
exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be
alienated. ”

Political law and Public International law
5
 Miranda Doctrine
Rights available during custodial investigation or in-custody
interrogation of an accused person , which has been defined as any
questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been
taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant way.
The rule begins to operate as soon as the investigation ceases to
be a general inquiry into an unsolved crime and direction is then aimed
upon a particular suspect who has been taken into custody and to whom
the police would then direct interrogatory questions which tend to elicit
incriminating statements.