Mozarab christians who eat arab food conduct business

- Mozarab : Christians who eat Arab food, conduct business in Arab, dress like an
Arab.
- Is it tolerance? There is intermarriage, conversion, etc. Cultural enclave – there’s a
Muslim region, Christian region, and so on.

- We see the origins of mob violence against Jews in Iberia, and some become
conversos. You could go to university and get an education, then entering the
royal bureaucracy. Leads to division of “old Christians” and “new Christians.”
- Edict of Pure Blood (1449) linked biological differences to race. If you descend
from a Jew, Muslim, or heretic, your blood is forever tainted. Beforehand, if you
were a Jew who converted to Christianity, some people may have questioned it
but they were still able to integrate into Christian society. There was no emphasis
on Jewish ethnicity as there is today.
- In 1478 – 1492, the Spanish Inquisition is declared. Led Dominicans, sponsored
by Church and by the state. Combination of both powers. Headed by Tomas de
Torquemada, who himself was a converso. Inquisition was one led against
Christians, but Christians who had converted from Judaism. After the Edict of
Pureblood there was so much talk about conversos, who converted for political
gain, and didn’t really acknowledge Jesus. Why is it so popular if only 5,000
people were executed? It sparked fear and respect because it was done so
privately. Established the power of the Spanish crown and the church. AS a
regular person, you don’t know what they are doing; conspiratorial. In 1492, Jews
are expelled completely from Spain because when they convert, they become
problematic conversos.
- The more that prosecution was allowed, the stronger the line between them and
us. Ex: Europeans who go to the Americas don’t try to understand the natives, but
they try to fit them into a mold. Leads to the language of imperialism,
colonialism, nationalism.
Crisis of the Middle Ages
- Thanks to Philip IV’s tactics against Boniface, the Avignon Papacy is a stronghold
in 1320.
- Lollards refuse to teach in Latin, but in the vernacular in the 1350s.
- 12 th and 13 th centuries were times of major change and expansion, but the 14 th and
15 th is chaotic; horrible and devastating changes occur.
- First big crisis begins in 1305 with the ideological crisis. Avignon papacy (1309
– 1377). Boniface is run out, and the papacy is moved to Avignon (lasts 70
years). At this time the pope becomes a reflection of the French monarchy. People
thought this was good for the pope, because he’d be free of the vassals (Cardinals)
in Rome. They saw it as liberation. Others saw it as a horrible ploy by the French
monarchy to get power from the papacy. Likened to the Babylonian slavery (??).
Also the time when the papacy becomes extremely wealthy, and it’s this wealth
that’ll be used for the Sistine Chapel. How was so much wealth accrued?
Indulgences. Pope was a banker who doled out metaphorical penances.
Indulgences used to be an act, and were carried out by a crusade, or volunteering
at a hospital. Ex: When a pope wants to build a new church in France, you
wouldn’t have to go on a pilgrimage, but you can instead give a monetary
donation to someone called a pardoner. The pardoner said “Thanks for the money,
now part of your sins will be remitted.” It’s in Avignon papacy that indulgences
become so prevalent. Also, clerical benefices were bought. A benefice is an office

held directly through papal investment. So, cardinals hold benefices. In the 14