Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli the fibers that

emphysema. Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli. The fibers that make up the walls of
the alveoli become damaged. The damage makes them less elastic and unable to work
when you exhale. (Roland, 2016).
The clinical manifestation of COPD signs and symptoms does not appear unit
extensive damages have been done to the lungs. For chronic bronchitis, the main
symptom is a daily cough and mucus (sputum) production at least three months a year for

two consecutive years. Other signs and symptoms may include: shortness of breath,
especially during physical activities, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough with clear,
white, yellow or greenish sputum, cyanosis, lack of energy, weight lost, and edema to
bilateral lower extremities.
COPD Drug Therapy
This is an irreversible but treatable medical condition; the goal of therapy are to
reduce symptoms and reduce risk (GOLD, 2016) as cited by (Arcangelo et al. 2017).
Prevention is the easiest way to prevent COPD, patient should stop smoking as soon as
they can and avoid exposure to air pollution or the causative risk factors. The drugs that