A failure of front to rear communication people at

• A failure of front-to-rear COMMUNICATION
—People at the rear of the crowd exert strong physical or
psychological pressure to advance toward the goal.
Social Movements
• A social movement is an ORGANIZED social group
that acts with continuity and coordination to promote or resist
change in society or other social units.
• Social movements are the most organized FORM of
collective behavior, and they tend to be the most sustained.
• They often have a CONNECTION to the past, and
they tend to become organized in coherent social organizations.
• A social movement is a COLLECTIVE effort to
bring about social
change and establish a new order of SOCIAL thought and
action.
• They begin during periods of unrest and
DISSATISFACTION with
some ASPECT of society.
• Initially, social movements are POORLY organized.
As they develop, they acquire an established LEADERSHIP, a
body of customs and traditions, divisions of labor, social rules
and VALUES, and new ways of THINKING.
• Social movements can be the basis of
REVOLUTIONARY change.
• Some movements originating in one nation also spill
over to affect movements in ANOTHER.
• Transnational social movements have organizational
structures that cross NATIONAL borders.
• Some of the most profound CHANGES in the
United States were the result of social movements from our
diverse population.
Types of Social Movements:
• ALTERNATIVE: Seeks to alter only some specific
aspect of people. E.g., The Temperance Movement (1900)—
trying to get people to stop drinking alcohol.

• REDEMPTIVE: Seeks to change people totally.
E.g., Christianity’s evangelism and discipleship efforts.
• REFORMATIVE: Seeks to change some specific
aspect
of the whole society. E.g., SPCA—seeks to change every one’s
thinking on the treatment of animals.
• TRANSFORMATIVE: Seeks to change the whole
society totally. E.g., Revolutions (I.e., Cuba).
• TRANSNATIONAL: The emphasis is on some
condition around the world (Global). E.g., Global warming.
• METAFORMATIVE: The goal is to change the
social order around the entire world. E.g., Radical Islamic
Fundamentalism.
Types of Social Movements (More):
TURNER AND KILLIAN (1987) organize social movements in
terms of
their orientation:
• VALUE-ORIENTED Movements—E.g.,
The civil rights and women’s liberation movements.
• POWER-ORIENTED Movements—E.g.,
The Nazi
movement in Germany and the Bolshevik
Revolution in Russia.
• PARTICIPANT-ORIENTED_
Movements—E.g., Back-to-nature and evangelical
movements.
Membership Types In Social Movements
The Development and Life Cycle of Social Movements:
According to Blumer (1939)
Social movements often evolve through stages:
1) SOCIAL UNREST: involves unfocused restlessness and
increasing disorder.

2) POPULAR EXCITEMENT: unrest is brought into the open:
people
establish rapport with one another and begin to adopt a
collective identity; leaders emerge and offer a vision.