The two major second messenger pathways are cyclic

The two major second-messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium
(Ca
++
). GTP, ATP, and GDP are not major second-messenger pathways. GTP
and GDP are “middlemen” or intermediaries. Nutrients are transformed into
energy in the form of ATP.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
17.
Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the
cell?
a. Oxidative phosphorylation
b. Glycolysis
c. Lactolysis
d. Passive transport
ANS: B
Glycolysis provides energy to the cells when oxygen delivery is insufficient or
delayed. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which energy produced
from nutrients is transferred to ATP. Lactolysis is the breakdown of lactose.
Passive transport is the movement of water and small, nonelectrically charge
molecules across plasma membranes.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
18.
What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)?
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
19.
Passive transport is best described with which statement?

d. Requiring energy generated by the
cell
ANS: A
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in
the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer. This process, called passive transport ,
naturally occurs through any semipermeable barrier. It is driven by osmosis,
hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion, all of which depend on the laws of physics
and do not require life. The other options do not correctly describe passive
transport.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering