Function as consonants from constant clusters cannot

Function as consonants (from constant clusters)
 Cannot function as center of syllable
 Distinguished by the place of articulation and position of tongue
 Voiced bilabial/labial – velar glide
o With, swim, mowing queen twilight
 Voiced alveolar glide
o Beautiful, feud, use, yell, you
 Voiceless bilabial/labial-velar glide
o Which, where, what, whale, why
o Voiceless ‘w’ for those dialects in which witch and which
do not sound the same
o Syllabic consonants
 Consonants that function as the nucleus of a syllable in English
 Occur in word final unstressed syllables
 Occur in stressed syllables as well
 Representations:
 /m , n , l , r/ ( vertical line underneath)
 /em en el er/ (upsidown e)
o Flap (also called ‘tap’) similar to a stop but without a buildup of air pressure
behind the place of articulation, and therefore no release burst
 [upsidown hook/candicane symbol] (voiced alveolar flap) bu t er, wri t er,
la dd er
 ON QUIZ NEEDS AN IPA FLASHCARD
o Shaded columns are voiced, not shaded are voiceless
o Each column is a place: goes from front to the back of mouth
o Manners are in rows: most consonant-like (most closure) to most vowel-like least
closure/least consonant-like
2.3 English Vowels
Vowel – a speech sound characterized by open configuration of the vocal tract, with vibration of
the vocal cords but without audible friction
 Vowel distinctive features
o Height
o Frontness/backness
o Roundness
o Tenseness

 13 American English Vowels
 Articulation
o Tongue height
 High vs mid vs low
o Tongue advancement
 Front vs. central vs. back
 2 central vowels, “shwa”(upsidown e) and “wedge” both in abut
 Wedged in stressed syllables
 Shwa in unstressed syllables ON QUIZ
 Back vowels 5
o Lip rounding
 Rounded vs. unrounded
 Always patterned
 Back high and mid vowels
 Boot, good, coat, caught
 Back and not low... must be rounded
 All other vowels are unrounded
 Heed, hid, hayed, head, had, hard, Hudd, ahead
o Tongue tenseness
 Tense vs. lax
 4 tense vowels
 [i] Heed lax pair [capital I with things on top and bottom] bit
 [e] hayed lax pair head [epsilon]
 [o] hoed lax pair hawed, caught [backwards c]
 [u] who’d lax pair [u with a bar on top upside down horseshoe]
hood
 Vowel Space
o To get a sense of tongue height
 Contrast
 Beat, bet, bat
o To get a sense of advancement
 Bet but bought
o Rounding
 He (unrounded), who (rounded)
o Tenseness
 Beat(tensed), bit(laxed)
 a should be a without top hook so like lowercase a
 dipthong
o complex/two-part vowel sounds
o travels across chart
o In homework give syllable
o Need flashcards for boat and bay

 transition from one vowel to another in the same syllable
 bye
 Bout
 Boy
 Boat
 Bay
A different dialect or accent might change the transcription
o I head a meal in the mill (Upstate SC)
o I had to beg for a bag
 Transcribe these in Standard American English
 In some dialects two sounds merge, or lose their distinctiveness
 Other dialects keep contrasts SAE lost:
o I will marry merry Mary (Philly/Jersey)
o Which witch is the wickedest (Appalachian US)
Syllabification
 Onset
 Rhyme
o