Sensor measures actual performance comparator

- Sensor: Measures actual performance.
- Comparator: Compares expected results to actual results obtained.
- Effector: Reports deviation and initiates the response which may
lead to a redirection of activity, revision of the expectation or
changing the plan.

 Feed-forward – It means to take steps to make some adjustments to
the system in advance in order to face any expected deviations in
future. Feedback monitors the past results whereas feed-forward deals
with future outcomes.
 Functional Decomposition – This involves factoring a system to its
constituent subsystems. The subsystems are also decomposed further
into manageable sizes resulting in a hierarchy structure of a system.
Decomposition is used to analyse the existing system, to design and
finally implement a new system.
 Functional cohesion – Involves dividing into subsystems by grouping
activities that logically go together.
 Coupling – Occurs when two systems are highly interrelated.
 Decoupling – This is a process in which the subsystems are given
autonomy and independence. The subsystems operate independently
thereby pursuing own objectives and enhancing flexibility.
 Synergy – The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. At this point
the focus is on global system needs, not local issues. It means that
more than one system working together produce more result than
each would achieve independently.
 Optimization – It is possible to achieve a best solution.
 Sub-optimization – It is an occurrence that occurs when the objectives
of one element or subsystem conflicts with the objectives of the whole
system.
 Equifinality – Certain results may be achieved with different initial
conditions and in different ways. In open systems the same final state
can be reached from several starting points, one result can have
different causes, or through different methods, there is more than one
way to achieve the objective.
 Goal-seeking – systems attempt to stabilize at a certain point.

 Holism – the analysis of a system is considered from the point of view
of the whole system and not on individual subsystems. Subsystems
are studied in the context of the entire system.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
~ Refers to the investigation of a system and subsequent design of a replacement system.
System analysis is the investigation into a system operation so as to identify the short comings on
this system with the aim of solving them
It is also the process of collecting and analyzing facts in respect of existing system so that an
effective system may be designed and implemented if proved feasible.
Analysis specifies what the system should do .
Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its
components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements.