Functional residual capacity air left at the end of a

Functional residual capacity: air left at the end of a normal exhalation, 75-120%
Total lung capacity: air in the lungs after max inhalation, the is vital capacity + residual
volume, 80-120%
Vital capacity: total amount of measure on max inhalation and max exhalation, this is total
lung capacity – residual volume
Examine the pathologic basis of adult and pediatric disorders which affect the
pulmonary system.
Pulmonary Vascular Disorders
1. Analyze the etiology, clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of pulmonary embolus,
and pulmonary edema.

and hypoxemia.
The clot may
cause lung
infarction,
decreased CO,
shock and death.
Pulmonary Edema Accumulation of
water in the
pulmonary
alveolar sacs,
preventing gas
exchange.
CP, dyspnea, hypoxia,
orthopnea, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea,
pulmonary rales,
dullness to percussion,
S3, and frothy sputum
Most common
cause is L HF d/t
the back up of
blood to the lungs,
which increases
capillary
hydrostatic
pressure which
pushes the fluid
out into the
alveolar sacs;
other causes=
ARDS, inhalation
of toxic gas, which
causes capillary
injury and leads to
the movement of
fluid into the
alveolar sacs.
Post-obstructive or
re-expansion
edema occurs after
relieving an
airway
obstruction.
Inspiration against
an occluded
airway creates
excessive
intrathoracic
negative pressure
which leads to
increased venous
return to the R
heart and a
decreased outflow
of blood from the
L side. This
creates an
increased

pulmonary blood
volume and
pressure which
causes the
pulmonary edema.
Differentiate between the etiology, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology of
pneumothorax and pleural effusion:
Disease Etiology Clinical Manifestations Pathophysiology