Other things to know 1 how does your textbook

Other Things to Know
1. How does your textbook describe Piaget’s contribution to the study of children’s
cognitive development (p. 190)?
b. What were some criticisms of his theory?
a. How important is language in cognitive development?

EXAM #2 STUDY GUIDE – PART 1AGING THEORIES, PERCEPTION, COGNITION
b. Vygotsky: children actively construct their knowledge and understanding
c. Zone of Proximal Development : range of tasks that are too difficult for the child
to master alone but can be learned with guidance
i. teachable area
ii. what a learner can do independently
iii. what he can do w/ help
iv. what he cannot do
d. Scaffolding : changing level of support of a teaching session
i. structuring a learning situation so learning becomes easier
ii. give guidelines for completing the task
iii. divide into small, simpler pieces
iv. ask questions to keep student focused, on track, and correct feedback
e. Mediation : adult proposes meanings and interpretations of objects and events
i. encourages child to think about event in a certain way
ii. introduces concepts of knowledge, skills, and strategies
f. Inner/Private Speech : solve problems, memorization
3. Adult , post formal thought (p. 197)
o thinking that is reflective, relativistic and contextual; provisional; realistic; and
now influenced by emotions
o might think deeply about many aspects of work, politics, relationships, etc.
4. According to your text, what happens when you adults move out into the world of work
(p. 196)?
a. List 2 changes
i. face constraints of reality that work promotes
ii. idealism decreases
5. Perry: Dualism, Multiplicity or Relativism, Commitment in Relativism (p. 197)
a. Know some things about expertise in a domain & cognitive ability.
b. Dualism : either right or wrong
c. Multiplicity : many views; right answers depend on context
i. Relativism: contextual
d. Commitment in Relativism: what is right for YOU
6. Changes in cognition in middle and late adulthood (p. 199)
o Fluid Intelligence : person’s ability to reason abstractly; decreases with age
o Crystalized Intelligence : person’s accumulated information and verbal skills;
increases during middle to late adulthood
o Cognitive Mechanics: linked to biological foundations and brain development;
decline in middle and late adulthood
o Cognitive Pragmatics : associated w/ experience and culture; increase in middle
to late adulthood
7. Bronfenbrenner: Ecological development, Micro, Meso, Macro, Exo & Chrono system.
(p. 23-24)
o The Theory : development reflects the influence of several environmental
systems
o Microsystem : immediate environment
o Mesosystem : interrelationships of microsystems
o Exosystem : external, social settings that have indirect effects
o Macrosystem : society, world events, the planet, historical era
o Chronosystem : time

EXAM #2 STUDY GUIDE – PART 1AGING THEORIES, PERCEPTION, COGNITION