A Theory of Justice | Study Guide

Liberal political philosopher John Rawls wrote A Theory of Justice hoping to displace utilitarianism as the dominant ethical philosophy in academia and policy. He argues his theory of justice as fairness is a more stable conception of justice than utilitarianism and is, therefore, the preferable alternative. While utilitarian theories of justice seek to maximize the good in society, Rawls's theory is based on a hypothetical situation in which two principles of justice to govern a society are chosen by individuals who have been blinded to their personal desires and circumstances by a "veil of ignorance." The principles mandate individual equal rights and that economic inequalities must advantage society's most disadvantaged. Rawls's thought has entered the canon of modern political philosophy, and his ideas continue to spark academic debate and shape the decisions of policy-makers.