Anti-Federalists
opposed the new Constitution's ratification because of the belief that the federal government was given too much power
bail
money paid as security to allow a defendant to stay out of jail until trial
Bill of Rights
first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, which ensure individual protections from the government
civil liberty
freedom from government interference with an individual's fundamental rights
clear and present danger
doctrine established in Schenck v. United States (1919) by the U.S. Supreme Court that speech representing a threat to society could be restricted; it was replaced by the "imminent lawless action" test established in 1969 in Brandenburg v. Ohio
defamation
intentionally false statements about a person, whether spoken or written, made with the knowledge that they will harm the reputation of the subject of those statements
establishment clause
clause in the 1st Amendment forbidding laws creating an official, state-supported religion
exclusionary rule
judicial principle forbidding the use of evidence that has been illegally obtained, in violation of the 4th Amendment
Federalists
supporters of a strong federal government
free exercise clause
clause of the 1st Amendment that forbids government interference with people's freedom of religious worship
hate speech
insulting and threatening speech that denounces or degrades others because of their race, creed, or membership in a persecuted group
incorporation
legal doctrine that provisions of the U.S. Bill of Rights apply to the states through the due process clause of the 14th Amendment
libel
defamatory statements made in writing
Miranda warning
statement by police that informs a person being interrogated of the right to remain silent and to have an attorney
prior restraint
government interference with freedom of the press by forbidding publication of what it sees as undesirable content
redress of grievances
government action of righting a wrong claimed by citizens
right to privacy
right to carry out certain activities without legal or governmental interference
separation of church and state
principle embodied in the establishment and free exercise clauses of the 1st Amendment, whereby religion and government are separate spheres
slander
defamatory statements made orally
symbolic speech
expressive behavior that employs gestures or actions rather than words