Cells

movement of material across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient, requiring the cell to expend energy

nucleotide consisting of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups. It contains chemical energy in the bonds of its phosphate groups used to fuel cellular processes

metabolic processes that produce energy with the use of oxygen

reaction that builds large molecules from smaller molecules. In anabolic reactions, energy is added to the reactants in order to produce the products

metabolic processes that produce energy in the absence of oxygen

protein that physically binds to a molecule and facilitates its transport across the cell membrane's lipid bilayer

reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy in the process

process by which cells change from one type to another

structure that encloses the cell, made of the phospholipid bilayer

difference in concentration between two locations

pinching off of the cytoplasm to form two new cells

random movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

genetic state of a cell containing the full complement of chromosomes from its parent cells (2n)

gradient established by the driving forces of a chemical and electrical change in the cell membrane

substance, usually a protein, that speeds up a biological reaction without being consumed in the reaction

cell type with DNA enclosed in a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

having a strong affinity toward water

having a weak or no affinity to water

solution in which the concentration of dissolved solutes is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration inside the cell

solution in which the concentration of dissolved solutes is less than that of another solution, or less than the concentration inside the cell

protein that is embedded within the cell membrane

solution in which the concentration of dissolved solutes is equal to that of another solution, or equal to the concentration inside the cell

process of cell division that results in two cells that are genetic clones of the parent cell

structure in a cell that has a specific task, such as a mitochondrion, Golgi body, or centriole

movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration of solute to an area of higher concentration of solute

cell membrane structure made of a double layer, or bilayer, of hydrophilic phospholipid heads that contact the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm with a middle region of hydrophobic tails

formation of mRNA from the template DNA strand to be used to build proteins

assembly of amino acids into proteins in the ribosomes through the reading of mRNA by tRNA and the ribosome