advantageous comparison
when a person tries to justify their conduct by comparing it to a more extreme alternative
bait-and-switch
when sellers advertise products or services that are generally not available, with the intention of drawing in interested people to buy other products or services
corporate social responsibility
organization's obligation to contribute in a positive way to its stakeholders and itself, as well as to society as a whole
dehumanization
process of seeing people as less human, making them more deserving of unethical treatment
displacement of responsibility
when a person defends their actions by stating that they were just following the orders of another person, usually a person with authority
disregard of the consequences
when a person ignores or minimizes the consequences of their conduct
ethics
study of good and bad conduct that examines how people should behave
euphemistic labeling
substituting mild or indirect language to make a situation seem less harsh
failure to disclose full price
when advertised prices do not inform the customer of extra fees or costs the customer will have to pay as part of the purchase
horizontal price-fixing
illegal agreement or cooperation between two or more competitors to set prices for a product or service, either directly or indirectly
idealism
the practice of forming or pursuing systems of thought that are based on ideals and spiritual values
Kantianism
type of ethics that focuses on whether an action is right or wrong by itself, not on the goals or consequences of the action
law
system of rules that regulates the actions of people
moral awareness
person's ability to recognize that their conduct could affect others in a way that may conflict with one or more ethical standards
moral disengagement
when people convince themselves that ethical standards do not apply to the particular conduct at issue
moral judgment
opinion that is formed when a person decides whether certain conduct is ethical or unethical
moral justification
process where a person who is examining potentially unethical conduct tries to make it seem right
predatory pricing
when an organization sets prices below the average variable cost to drive out competition
price discrimination
when sellers charge different customers different prices for the same product based on what they are willing to pay
price gouging
when a seller suddenly increases prices following a need for its products
relativism
belief that there are no absolute truths and that a decision may be right even if it does not match one's own ethical standards
triple bottom line
accounting framework that measures social responsibilities, environmental responsibilities, and financial responsibilities to determine an organization's corporate social responsibility performance
Truth in Lending Act (TILA)
act that prohibits unfair, abusive, or deceptive home mortgage lending practices by requiring the disclosure of total loan costs
utilitarianism
theory that the best course of action maximizes overall happiness and minimizes overall pain, thereby maximizing utility and producing the greatest net benefit
vertical price-fixing
when a manufacturer illegally dictates the price at which the retailer sells the product