How Cells Use Energy

sequence of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units

enzyme complex that generates ATP by phosphorylating ADP

organism that can make its own food

sequence of chemical reactions that breaks down or decomposes molecules into smaller units while generating energy

energy released during a chemical reaction

series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release ATP

series of electron transporters that move electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen molecules. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.

reaction that takes in energy

measure of the bond energy of a system

measure of the disorder or predictability of a system

biological molecule that catalyzes a biological reaction

state in which there is no net change through time; state when changes will not occur

reaction that releases energy

capacity of a system to do work

metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell

organism that obtains energy and carbon from consuming other organisms

energy an object possesses when in motion

on a molecular level, the biological processes that build or break molecules; on an organismal level, all of the chemical reactions within an organism that provide cells with the capacity to acquire energy and use that energy to carry out different functions

production of ATP through chemiosmosis in the mitochondria through an electron transport chain