Signaling Pathways

open position of a ligand-gated ion channel, where ions are able to pass through across the membrane

effector protein that produces the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) during cell signaling

second messenger molecule that regulates many different metabolic functions. It is found in nearly every organism.

union of two molecules, such as receptor tyrosine kinase molecules, which forms in response to receiving a signal

receptor that works in conjunction with G protein, which uses guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to activate an ion channel or an enzyme

molecule that binds to a specific receptor protein to initiate signal transduction

receptor that acts as a gate, allowing ions into or out of the cell when a signaling molecule binds

membrane receptor kinase that phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) the amino acid tyrosine of a substrate protein. Its action can lead to many different cellular responses.

small molecule, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), that carries a message from a membrane receptor into the cytoplasm or may not use the membrane receptor at all

receptor that acts as a gate, allowing ions into or out of the cell in response to a change in electrical charge across the membrane