Electron Behavior and Periodic Properties of Elements

height of a wave, measured as the distance from the point of equilibrium to a crest or a trough

principle that states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy

idea that matter may behave as a wave

wavelength ($\lambda$) of a particle having mass m and traveling at velocity v using Planck's constant, h; given as $\lambda=\frac h{mv}$

one of two or more orbitals with the same energy

wave of energy produced by the movement of particles through space

entire range of electromagnetic waves, defined by their energy, wavelengths, and frequencies

orbital filling of electrons in an atom based on their quantum numbers in increasing energies

area of an atom in which an electron has the greatest probability of being located. Each orbital can contain at most two electrons.

one or more electron subshells that have the same quantum number $n$

group of electron energy levels with the same size and shape that have the same quantum numbers $n$ and $\ell$

electron state that has a higher energy level than the lowest energy state (ground state)

number of oscillations of a wave that occur in a given period of time, usually a second, measured in hertz (Hz)

electron state that is lowest in energy

principle that it is impossible to simultaneously measure the position and the momentum of a particle

rule that states that when filling degenerate orbitals (for example, the 3p orbital), electrons must first singly occupy all the empty orbitals in the subshell before pairing within the same orbital

pattern of colors on a dark background produced by an element when it gives off light (emission) or a pattern of dark lines on a background of the electromagnetic spectrum produced by an element when it absorbs light (absorption)

point on a standing wave that stays fixed and does not oscillate

principle that states that paired electrons may never have the same spin value, which means they cannot have the same four quantum numbers

emission of electrons when light strikes a material

fundamental particle that has a fixed amount of energy stored as electromagnetic radiation

$6.62607\times 10^{-34}\;\rm{J}\cdot\rm{s}$; describes the ratio of energy to frequency of a photon

exists only as discrete values

branch of science that deals with subatomic particles, their behaviors, and their interactions

one of four numbers, $n$, $\ell$, $m$, and $s$, that together describe the orbital state of subatomic electrons

periodic oscillation of energy or matter

mathematical expression that gives information about measurable properties of a system, such as energy, momentum, and position

having properties of both particles and waves

distance between two identical parts of a wave