Liquids and Solids

attraction between unlike molecules, such as forces between a liquid and its container

solid composed of particles that are not organized into a crystalline pattern

temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature and pressure

ability of a liquid to move up a tube against other forces, such as gravity and intermolecular interactions, including surface tension and cohesion

attraction between the same type of molecules

phase transition from gas to liquid at a constant temperature and pressure

crystalline solid formed from a network of atoms joined by covalent bonds

minimum pressure required for condensation of a gas at its critical temperature

temperature above which a gas cannot become a liquid

solid in which the particles repeat at regular intervals in an ordered crystalline lattice

phase transition from gas to solid

internal energy of a system plus the work needed to displace the environment to produce the components of the system

phase transition from liquid to solid at a constant temperature and pressure

solid held together by electrostatic forces between positively and negatively charged ions

atoms, ions, or molecular fragments arranged in three-dimensional space

state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape, consisting of particles that are close together and freely flow

phase transition from solid to liquid at a constant temperature and pressure

temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature and pressure

solid composed of atoms held together by metallic bonds

crystalline solid held together via van der Waals intermolecular forces

unit cell that forms a six-sided box with with a fourth (1/4th) of an atom, ion, or molecule located at each corner

state of matter that has a definite volume and a definite shape, consisting of particles that are closely packed and move only by vibrating

phase transition from a solid to a gas at a constant temperature and pressure

substance that has properties of both a liquid and a gas at a temperature and pressure above the critical point

tendency of a liquid surface to acquire the smallest possible surface area and resist outside forces, such as cohesive and intermolecular forces

simplest repeating arrangement of particles, such as atoms, molecules, or ions, within an ordered crystal

pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form in a closed system

phase transition from liquid to gas at a constant temperature and pressure

method of determining the arrangement of atoms in a crystal using X-rays