Thermodynamics

minimum possible temperature theoretically achievable, equal to 0 K (–273.15°C), at which there is no particle motion

measure of the disorder of a system

state in which the forward and reverse reactions are equal

law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one type of energy to another type of energy; given as $\Delta U=q+w$

capacity of a system to do work

amount of work done by a system, expressed as $G=H-TS$, where H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy

measurable macroscopic properties of a system

possible energy and positional configuration of the particles of a system

process in which energy must be added to the system for the change to occur

law that states that the total entropy of an isolated system only increases over time

process in which energy is released as a system changes

entropy of one mole of a substance under standard state conditions, expressed in units J/(K mol)

set of specific conditions under which reactions are measured, typically 0°C and 1 atm pressure

branch of physical science that investigates the energy and work of systems

law that states that the total entropy of a system approaches zero as the temperature of the system approaches absolute zero

energy that is transferred when a force acts on an object over a distance

law that states that when two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other