Animal Reproduction and Development

Vocabulary

aging

the gradual changes in development and behavior that occur during an organism's life

blastula

the stage of animal embryo development that consists of a hollow ball of cells surrounding a central cavity

cleavage

the splitting or dividing of cells during development

copulation

the act of animal reproduction that results in sperm being transferred to a receptive female

diploid

having a double set of chromosomes in homologous pairs; the diploid condition is designated by 2n

fertilization

the union of sperm and egg

gamete

the sex cell of a sexually reproducing organism, with a haploid set of chromosomes

gastrula

the structure formed from the blastula that has three distinct layers of cells and body axes

haploid

having a single set of chromosomes, which is half the total of the parent; the haploid condition is designate by 1n or n

meiosis

a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, resulting in the production of gametes

neurulation

the stage of vertebrate development when the nervous system starts to form

oocyte

the female sex cell, which is haploid (1n)

oocytogenesis

the process by which oocytes develop, which happens after a female is born

oogenesis

the process of egg cell formation during meiosis

ootid

a fertilized egg cell

ootidogenesis

the process of meiosis that produces the secondary oocyte from the primary oocyte

organogenesis

the development of organs and organ systems during animal development

oviparous

reproductive strategy in which eggs are released by the female and develop outside her body

ovoviviparous

reproductive strategy in which fertilized eggs develop and hatch within the mother's body but are not attached to her

polar body

non-viable cell produced at the end of meiosis in females; contains genetic material

primary oocyte

diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte (egg cell)

primary spermatocyte

diploid (2n) cell that is the first cell formed in spermatogenesis

secondary spermatocyte

the haploid (1n) cell that is the second cell formed in spermatogenesis

spawning

the release of sperm and eggs into the environment

spermatogenesis

the formation of sperm through the process of meiosis

spermatogonium

the diploid (2n) cell that is the origin cell in spermatogenesis

spermatozoa

male sex cells, which are haploid (1n)