Cellular Respiration

a reaction that requires the presence of oxygen

a reaction that does not require the presence of oxygen

protein permitting specific substances to be moved across a cell membrane

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient, which results in a charge that can be used as a source of energy

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release ATP

a non-protein chemical, such as NAD and FAD, that helps an enzyme function

a substance made of atoms of two or more elements bonded together in a certain ratio

subatomic particles with a negative charge

a series of electron transporters that move electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen molecules; protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water

an anaerobic breakdown of a substance, such as glucose, that produces a limited amount of ATP for a cell

metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell

a molecule with the same chemical formula as another molecule, but with a different three dimensional structure

an enzyme that drives the conversion of a molecule into its isomer form

on a molecular level, the biological processes that build or break molecules; on an organismal level, all of the chemical reactions within an organism that provide cells with the capacity to acquire energy and use that energy to carry out different functions

a substance that is formed during metabolism or required for metabolic processes

the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration of solute to higher concentration of solute

a reaction that involves the removal of an electron from a compound

when ATP is produced using chemiosmosis in the mitochondria through an electron transport chain

the addition of a phosphate group to a compound in a chemical reaction

non-protein molecules that are required for another protein to be active

a pathway in which protons move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

a reaction where oxidation and reduction occur together to form products

a reaction that involves the addition of an electron to a compound